Indian Business Environment Essay

Abstract One of the major objectives of Indian banking sector reforms was to encourage operational self-sufficiency, flexibility and competition in the system and to increase the banking standards in India to the international best practices. The second phase of reforms began in 1997 with aim to reorganization measures, human capital development, technological up-gradation, structural development which helped them for achieving universal benchmarks in terms of prudential norms and pre-eminent practices. This paper seeks to determine the impact of various market and regulatory initiatives on efficiency improvements of Indian banks. Efficiency of firm is measured in terms of its relative performance that is, efficiency of a firm relative to the efficiencies of firms in a sample. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) has used to identify banks that are on the output frontier given the various inputs at their disposal. The present study is confined only to the Constant-Return-to-Scale (CRS) assumption of decision making units (DMUs). Variable returns to scale (VRS) assumption for estimating the efficiency was not attempted. It was found from the results that national banks, new private banks and foreign banks have showed high efficiency over a period time than remaining banks. II. Reforms and Banking system In the post liberalization-era, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has initiated quite a few measures to ensure safety and consistency of the banking system in the country and at the same point in time to support banks to play an effective role in accelerating the economic growth process. One of the major objectives of Indian banking sector reforms was to encourage operational self-sufficiency, flexibility and competition in the system and to increase the banking standards in India to the international best practices 4. Although the Indian banks have contributed much in the Indian economy, certain weaknesses, i.e. turn down in efficiency and erosion in profitability had developed in the system, observance in view these conditions, the Committee on Financial System(CFS) was lay down. Reserve Bank of India has implemented banking sector reforms in two phases. The first reform focused on introduction of several prudential norms, major changes in the policy framework, and formation of competiti ve atmosphere. The second phase of reforms began in 1997 with aim to reorganization measures, human capital development, technological up-gradation, structural development which helped them for achieving universal benchmarks in terms of prudential norms and pre-eminent practices. The Financial sector reforms were undertaken in 1992 based on the recommendations of the CFS. Later, The Narsimham Committee has provided the proposal for reforming the financial sector. The committee also argued that ‘economic reforms in the real sector of economy will, however, fail to realize their full potential without a parallel reform of the financial sector. It focused on several issues like, releasing of more funds to banks, deregulation in interest rates, capital adequacy, income recognition, disclosures and transparency norms etc. However, financial sector reforms focused on improving the competitive efficiency of the banking system. The financial reform process has commenced since 1991 which was made the banking sector healthy, sound, well- capitalized and become competitive. The competitive pressures to improve efficiency in the banking sector has resulted in a switch from traditional paper based banking to electronic banking, use information technology and shift of emphasis from brick and mortar banking to use of ATMs. INDIAN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN BANKING INDUSTRY Indian banking industry, the backbone of the country’s economy, has always played a key role in prevention the economic catastrophe from reaching terrible volume in the country. It has achieved enormous appreciation for its strength, particularly in the wake of the worldwide economic disasters, which pressed its worldwide counterparts to the edge of fall down. If we compare the business of top three banks in total assets and in terms of return on assets, the Indian banking system is among the healthier performers in the world. This sector is tremendously competitive and recorded as growing in the right trend (Ram Mohan, 2008). Indian banking industry has increased its total assets more than five times between March 2000 aThe overall development has been lucrative with enhancement in banking industry efficiency and productivity. It should be underlined here is financial turmoil which hit the western economies in 2008 and the distress effect widened to the majority of the other countries but Indian banking system survived with the distress and showed the stable performance. Indian banks have remained flexible even throughout the height of the sub-prime catastrophe and the subsequent financial turmoil. The Indian banking industry is measured as a flourishing and the secure in the banking world. The country’s economy growth rate by over 9 percent since last several years and that has made it regarded as the next economic power in the worldnd March 2010, The Indian banking industry is measured as a flourishing and the secure in the banking world. The country’s economy growth rate by over 9 percent since last several years and that has made it regarded as the next economic power in the world. Our banking industry is a mixture of public, private and foreign ownerships. The major dominance of commercial banks can be easily found in Indian banking, although the co-operative and regional rural banks have little business segmentIn the post liberalization-era, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has initiated quite a few measures to ensure safety and consis tency of the banking system in the country and at the same point in time to support banks to play an effective role in accelerating the economic growth process. One of the major objectives of Indian banking sector reforms was to encourage operational self-sufficiency, flexibility and competition in the system and to increase the banking standards in India to the international best practices. Although the Indian banks have contributed much in the Indian economy, certain weaknesses, i.e. turn down in efficiency and erosion in profitability had developed in the system, observance in view these conditions, the Committee on Financial System. Reserve Bank of India has implemented banking sector reforms in two phases. The first reform focused on introduction of several prudential norms, major changes in the policy framework, and formation of competitive atmosphere. The second phase of reforms began in 1997 with aim to reorganization measures, human capital development, technological up-gradation, structural development which helped them for achieving universal benchmarks in terms of prudential norms and pre-eminent practices. The Financial sector reforms were undertaken in 1992 based on the recommendations of the CFS. Later, The Narsimham Committee has provided the proposal for reforming the financial sector. The committee also argued that ‘economic reforms in the real sector of economy will, however, fail to realize their full potential without a parallel reform of the financial sector. It focused on several issues like, releasing of more funds to banks, deregulation in interest rates, capital adequacy, income recognition, disclosures and transparency norms etc. However, financial sector reforms focused on improving the competitive efficiency of the banking system. The financial reform process has commenced since 1991 which was made the banking sector healthy, sound, well- capitalized and become competitive. (CFS) was lay down. Liberalisation of India’s banking sector †¢ Liberalisation of India’s banking sector begun since 1992, following the Narasimhan Committee’s Report (December 1991) †¢ Important recommendations of the Committee were – [i] reduction of statutory pre-emptions (SLR and CRR) [ii] deregulation of the interest rates [iii] opening up the sector to foreign and domestic private banks [iv] adoption of prudential regulations relating to capital adequacy, asset classiï ¬ cation and provisioning standards Service firms such as ITC Hotels and ANZ Grindlays Bank found direct marketing very effective in retailing customers and weathering competition. †¢ The Indian banking system is growing in a robust manner. †¢ The Indian banking system complies with international standards of prudential regulation. †¢ The Indian banking system is opening up for entry of foreign banks. †¢ Despite the growth, Indian banking system is not entirely inclusive. †¢ There is good opportunities for the banking industry – domestic and foreign – for expansion to ï ¬ ll the gap. A decade after the Narasimham report was published and in the light of new challenges from the norms laid down by the WTO and Basel II, it is imperative to have a close look at the performance of banks in the last decade or so to assess the success of the reform process. INDIA inherited a very weak banking system following Independence. However, the nationalisation programme (1969) helped this sector achieve remarkable success in many respects. The stability among depositors, penetration into rural India and the consequent reduction in poverty and diversification out of agriculture were some of its laudable achievements. Given the predominantly bank based nature of financial system, the banking industry gained the reputation of one of the most protected in the country. However, in the 1990s a chain of events such as introduction of modern technologies, competition from new players in the liberalised market place, and enhanced emphasis on governance to protect shareholder interest changed the way banks conducted business. The Indian banking sector with its diversity of ownerships — State Bank of India and its associates, nationalised banks, private domestic banks and foreign banks also faced a similar set of challenges. Although the public sector banks acquired a dominant presence thanks to the regulatory environment, several of them performed poorly in the late 1980s. To preserve the soundness of the financial system, especially the banking segment, the Government set up the Narasimham Committee. The Committee (in 1991) made far-reaching recommendations that formed the basis of banking reforms. Some of the comprehensive reform measures suggested included: Stricter income recognition and asset classification, higher capital adequacy ratio, phased deregulation of interest rate, lowering statutory liquidity ratio (SLR) and cash reserve ratio (CRR), entry deregulation, and branch-de-licensing. These measures mainly aim to improve the efficiency/profitability of banking industry. A decade and half after the Narasimham report was published and in the light of the World Trade Organisation and Basel II norms, it is imperative to have a close look at the performance of banks in the last decade or so to assess the success of the reform process. Performance indicators Commonly-used measures to assess the performance of the banking industry are: Return on Asset (ROA), Operating Profit Ratio (OPR), Net Interest Margin (NIM), Operating Cost Ratio (OCR) and Staff Expenditure Ratio (SER). The first two are generally considered profitability measures, while the others, the efficiency indices. These five measures have been considered in this analysis for two sub-periods: Pre-liberalisation (1992-1995) and post-liberalisation (2000-2003). The total number of banks considered for two sub-periods were 64 (eight State Banks, 19 nationalised banks, 19 private banks and 18 foreign banks) and 87 (8, 19, 28 and 32 respectively). Overall performance improvement A comparison of performance indices during the study period reveals that the reform measures helped to improve the overall performance of industry. This is reflected in the improvement of all performance indicators barring the net interest margin (see Table). Interestingly, the ROA, treated as a proxy for risk-adjusted return, increased from (-) 0.28 per cent in the pre-liberalisation period to 0.79 per cent (against more than 1 per cent in other merging markets such as Singapore, Malaysia and Korea) post-liberalisation, indicating a significant rise in the ability of banks to convert their assets into net earnings. Another interesting aspect is that despite a marginal fall in the net interest margin from 2.84 to 2.73 (which might be due to policy change), the banking industry has managed to improve its OPR by increasing its non-interest fee-based income and reducing its operating costs/staff expenses. The evidence indicates that after the reform initiation period, the banks have increasingly been providing off balance sheet items such as derivatives, which generate major part of non-interest income. The proportion of operating costs/staff expenses has declined mainly due to computerisation and the voluntary retirement scheme. The property rights theorists believe that the private banks are more efficient than their counterparts in the public sector. This view is corroborated by the public choice theorists who argue that the specific X inefficiency factors are more prevalent in the public sector, irrespective of market conditions. Further, many cross-country findings report an increased government ownership as a deterrent to the development of the banking system. The Indian banking scenario seems to be consistent with the above, as the privately owned (foreign as well as domestic) banks seem to be superior to their public counter parts with respect to all performance indicators except the NIM. Despite a fall in their OPR and NIM between 1992-95 and 2000-03, the private banks successfully managed to reduce their operating expenditures, particularly the staff expenditures, thereby successfully maintaining their status. Among private banks, the foreign banks seem to be superior in terms of three out of five the criteria used. Within the public domain, the State Banks tend to be superior with respect to ROA, OCR and SER, while the nationalised banks seem to show better performance in terms of OPR and NIM. Thus, although there is a significant improvement in the overall performance of banks as one moves from the post-reform period to the late-reform period, one finds certain anomalies such as a fall in the NIM (except in the case of the nationalised banks), a fall in the ROA of private domestic banks, a reduction in the OPR of private domestic and foreign banks and a rise in the OCR/SER of foreign banks. Convergence or divergence Apart from the overall improvement across the board, another important criterion to evaluate the success story is to check whether the competitive force has led to any convergence in the performance of different ownership groups in the post-liberalisation period. Exposure to the competitive forces is often argued as a panacea to shake poorly performing banks out of their slumber. Although the public banks compared poorly with private banks during the initial period, they made a significant improvement in the later period by responding well to the new challenges of competition and consolidation, mostly following a gradual and cautious approach. The pay off is well reflected in the increase in their ROA, OPR and NIM. Some possible reasons for the better performance of public banks could be they still undertake most of the government borrowing programmes, thereby generating significant fee based income; the market discipline imposed by the listing of most public sector banks has also probably contributed to this improved performance; and ï‚ · the reform measures have changed their business strategies particularly greater diversification of non-fund based business and emergence of treasury and foreign exchange business. The study reveals that the OPR across four ownership groups tend to converge. The NIM tend to converge across private and public sectors while the OCR continues to remain significantly different across ownership groups. The above analyses indicate that the banking sector performs reasonably well with respect to the goals set by the Narasimham Committee, particularly in the context of the poorly performing banks and showing some encouraging signs to meet the Basel II norms by 2006. However, one should not go over board in reading these numbers to evaluate the success of the Indian banking sector, particularly from the perspective of a developing economy such as ours. Policy-makers should be extra cautious in giving free a reign to the banking sector in pursuing â€Å"profit and risk† based strategies. Recent trends in non-synergy based consolidation, growing disinclination to lend money towards productive purposes and to the unprofitable sectors such as agriculture, self-help groups, infrastructure and to small and medium sized enterprises, its growing engagement in non-productive treasury operations and conspicuous consumer lending will seriously impair the role of banks as public instruments of development. Therefore, maintaining a balance between these two objectives will remain a challenge to the banking sector for some time to come. Bibliography- * www.thehindubusinessline.com * iimahd.ernet.in/assets/snippets/ *

Desert Solitaire: a Season in the Wilderness

The author of the book Desert Solitaire, Edward Abbey, talked frequently throughout the book about the beauty of nature and ways that human beings are destroying the natural beauty of the world we live in. The way abbey views nature is in a way that is best experienced by actually being out in nature, taking a hike, horseback riding, or bicycling. He believes that people who use the luxury of their cars on camping trip will not get to experience everything that nature has to offer. Abbey sees the beauty of the natural world in a way that most human beings are unable to because they do not spend time exploring nature.From the very beginning of the book Abbey shows his love for nature and all his creatures when he befriends and gopher snake. Or when he was is in awe of the old moon-eyed horse’s wild manner, independence, and beauty. To stand by his love for nature he says â€Å"I prefer not to kill animals. I’m a humanist; I’d rather kill a man than a snake. † (pg. 20) Abbey believes that humans are destroying the beauty and wonder of nature and he is upset when he finds out they are planning to build a major road through Arches National Park.Abbey believes industrial tourism is becoming a bigger problem to all national parks. In abbey’s opinion he thinks motor vehicles should be prohibited on the grounds of any national monument. â€Å" we have agreed not to drive our automobiles into cathedrals, to concert halls, art museums†¦we should treat our national parks with the same deference, for they, too, are holy places† (pg. 65). Abbey believes that the only way to truly experience the beauty of nature is to walk through, bike ride through, or horseback ride through.As said before abbey is a humanist and has not sympathy for the elderly who travel to national parks for vacations, he says they â€Å"had the opportunity to see the country when it was still relatively unspoiled† (pg. 67). He also has no sympathy fo r children who are â€Å"too small to ride bicycles and too heavy to be borne on their parents’ backs. † (pg. 67) Abbey is able to see nature in a way that most people cannot. Most humans tend to overlook the little things, but abbey will see the beauty in it.Many people think rocks are dirty and ugly but abbey finds beauty in just their names, â€Å"the very names lovely – chalcedony, carnelian, jasper†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 74). While looking at the Delicate Arch most people would see it as just a big arch made out of rocks. But to abbey it is so much more than that. He compares it to â€Å"eroded remnant of a sandstone fin, a giant engagement ring cemented in rock, a bow legged pair of petrified cowboy chaps†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 44). Some people who view the Delicate Arch will find God while exploring, others will â€Å"†¦see only Lyell and the uniformity of nature† (pg. 5). To abbey the Delicate Arch and other objects of nature â€Å"remind us that out there is a different world, older and greater and deeper by far than ours†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 45) Even though nature is beautiful, calm, and serene it also has another side that is harsh, violent, and cruel. Abbey experiences this side of nature with blazing heat, sand storms, and a flash flood.When he find a dead tourist underneath a tree, which shows just how cruel the desert can be. But according to abbey the man was fortunate to have died the way he did, he envies him. To die in the open under the sky†¦before this desert vastness opening like a window onto eternity – surely that was an overwhelming stroke of rare good luck† (pg. 267). For abbey to envy the man for dying that way is another example of his love for nature. Most people would look at that situation as sad and unfortunate, but abbey sees the beauty and peace in it. Abbey also experiences the cruelness of nature when he himself is forced to spend the night alone in Havasu. Mother Nature can be a v ery cruel and evil woman who does not have sympathy for anyone.If a person is unfortunate enough to see this side of Mother Nature it can only lead to a sad ending. â€Å"Fatal. Death by starvation, slow and tedious. † (pg. 253) While most people have comes to enjoy the luxury and comfort of an industrialized society, Abbey has chosen to live the life opposite of luxurious and easy. He would rather rough it out in the desert than big in an air conditioned office. Abbey has experienced nature in a way most people will never have the opportunity to. He sees the world for what it was mean to be, all nature, nothing else.

What cyber events could really cause terror in the Australian population?

The whole issue of cyber events such as attacks is complex with potential debates ranging from deployments by terrorist to disruption of information systems and computer viruses. The potential damages which can be brought by cyber events have drown concern from the government, media and the society at large. This paper seeks to explain the cyber events which are likely to cause terror in the Australian population. The efficiency and effectiveness of defense department of any country relies entirely on the effective of communication and data transfer.However, if the Australian defense communication system attacked by enemies through the interruption of the communication networks in the cyberspace and put under the enemies’ influence through remote control, it would be rendered ineffective and a threat to the national security. Further to this, radar stations would be paralyzed to a level where they cannot detect unauthorized foreign aircrafts from accessing the Australian space .In addition to this, the Australian fighter jets would become vulnerable to electronic attacks. This could result from harmful software which could be instilled in advance to the avionic systems by their enemies. In this context, such cyber events put threat to the national security of Australia. The increasingly high growing rate of cyber crimes poses a threat to the security of Australian commerce and banking institutions.This is evidenced by the Australian Security Intelligence Organization’s annual report which revealed that enemies were using the internet to access confidential business information. If these institutions were attacked, this would put the whole Australian banking system at risk of losing the investor’s confidence on keeping their financial statements confidential and subjecting them to enemies hence creating a loop hole for further attacks.Cyber attacks could also lead to access to confidential government, which could paralyze government operation s. This is evidenced by the attack of the government’s internet filtering system by enemies and the overload of the prime minister’s web side with information requests. The prime minister’s web site was also attacked and loaded with pornography information. Such events impose security threats to the prime minister and the whole population at large.

Pacific Islands Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pacific Islands Culture - Research Paper Example These groups of islands have both differences as well as commonalities based on culture, social structure, and historical experience. Populations migrating from other regions such as Africa and Asia began colonizing the islands over 35,000 years ago. Over the millennia, there were numerous encounters of the settlers with the outside world. Of over 6.3 million currently living in the Pacific Islands, the majority of the population of around 84% live in Melanesia, only around 9% live in Polynesia and approximately 7% live in Micronesia (Eccleston et al, 1998). Melanesia is related to the Greek words melas which means black and nesos (islands); it refers to the â€Å"physical appearance of the indigenous inhabitants of Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji and Solomon Islands† (Eccleston et al, 1998, p.249). Polynesia is related to the Greek word poly (many). It forms a triangular group of islands including Hawaii in the north, Aotearoa/ New Zealand in the south-west to Rapanul/ Easter Island in the south-east. The single culture in this unique triangle is reduced by the intrusion of colonialism. Indigenous Polynesians maintain effective sovereignty to some extent only in the inner islands, excluding the peripheral ones. Micronesia from micros (small) encompass the Northern Marianas in the north, Palau in the west, and Kiribati in the south-east. The smaller islands of Micronesia have societies similar to those in Polynesia; they are â€Å"ruled by indigenous hereditary aristocracies both before and after contact with colo nial powers† (Eccleston et al, 1998, p.249). In comparison with Polynesia and Micronesia, in most of Melanesia with some exceptions like Fiji which is on the boundary, the societies are more egalitarian with equality among men; contrastingly however, gender inequalities are greater. Originating from the Fujian province of southern China, seafaring people who spoke the Austronesian language, settled in the distant parts of Melanesia,

Rhetorical Analysis Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rhetorical Analysis Memo - Essay Example He attempts to prove that he is similar to whites by doing everything that the Americans do. He speaks perfect, unaccented English to show that he is no less than Americans discriminative against race and other immigrants.Liu appeals to the sympathetic emotions of the audience by admitting that he had never been a victim of discrimination (Liu 1). Liu proceeds to tell about the betrayal he earned from his hair. The hair betrayal instance shows how petty his discriminators were. Liu’s curse arose from his hair that failed to feather back. The hair remained straight, rigid, and wiry and continued to grow in the wrong way as he adds on. The nature of this discrimination was cruel as the discriminators blamed Liu’s natural being. It pushed him towards blaming his Chinese genes, a factor that he could neither moderate nor change. Liu lived a disgusting and complicated life trying every day to live other people’s lives. Liu’s text reveals seclusion that dominated relations between Whites and Asians in America. He views the blending and assimilation as cruel and fair giving justifying evidences. The reader can tell how Liu’s life at school was more complicated since the American tutors extended discrimination to

Product Innovation and Pricing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Product Innovation and Pricing - Essay Example The camera has an automatic mode which will enable reasonable quality photographs by even people with minimal knowledge of the subject. The price at less than $300 is attractive by market conditions. Here is a camera for the amateur photographer which is easy to carry and to use, with the potential to take sharp and good quality photographs with simplicity. The camera is clearly on the upper right quadrant of a VO Grid, and has the potential to participate aggressively in the emergent mass market for basic digital cameras for amateur use. The Canon Power Shot S3 is a study in contrast with the earlier model. It meets the special needs of photography enthusiasts and professionals who may wish to take sharp photographs of objects and people at long distances. The technical features and capabilities of this product sacrifice convenience almost entirely because it is large enough to require a case of its own and would need to be slung around the user's neck. It can draw attention in a social situation which many people would not like. However, it does offer physical evidence of the user being a photography enthusiast or even a professional. This camera cost about $500, which means that only those committed to regular and specialized use would be willing to make purchase decisions in its favor. The major value proposition is the 12x zoom which a relatively small niche of people may value. It offers high value for a certain target, but would not be of interest to most consumers. The Canon Power Shot A 540 has 3 direct competitors: the Casio Exilim EX-Z850, the Fujifilm FinePix F 10, and the Sony Cyber Shot DSC-T9. The relative inconvenience of conventional film cameras implies that the indirect competition is not serious. The high resolution and high portability of these cameras place them in a category distinct from video cameras. The market segment of amateurs, who need a convenient and easy solution for occasional photographs, is adequately met by these four brands to compete adequately with each other as a set. The Fujifilm presents a strong challenge with a price tag just below $200. It is an important benefit for the company to promote and has the potential to hit its 3 competitors hard. The Sony, with a 58 MB memory, has a key advantage of being able to store significantly more images than any of the competitors. Running out of memory can be a common problem on any occasion, and it may not always be possible to transfer records to storage media at frequent intervals. The Sony therefore offers a value parameter that the competition cannot match, hence Sony should be able to use this feature to gain market share. The Casio, with 8.1 Mega Pixels can offer large prints of excellent resolution, but most people who would value this feature may opt for more professional cameras. However, there is scope for Casio to add plenty of service (Payne, 2002) by way of creating awareness of the advantages of large prints, in order to create new demand for its product. 8.1 Mega Pixels at less than 5 oz weight is a combination with value potential for customers, but the company will have to work towards generating demand. The Canon is a kind of compromise, offering a balance of the features of its competitors. Competitive Pricing It is entirely legal for a restaurant owner to copy the price of a generic dish from a competitor, as long as he or she

I do not know by Elia Abu Madi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

I do not know by Elia Abu Madi - Essay Example Common knowledge dictates that the more educated a person becomes, the more effectively they can discern reality and determine which approach, worldview, or decision might be the best. However, as Elia Abu Madi illustrates within his poem, and ultimate level of uncertainty surrounds each and every aspect of life. Whether or not an individual is born to fulfill a specific destiny, whether or not there is any legitimate purpose to life, whether or not love, hate, fear, or even uncertainty helped to constrain and define the purpose of being is duly represented within this particular point. In such a manner, the reader can come to the understanding of the fact that even though Elia Abu Madi was well-traveled, well-educated, and exposed to a litany of different cultures and societies, an understanding of a purpose and meaning for life continued to evade him. Madi, Elia  A. "I do not know by Elia Abu Madi."  PoemHunter.Com - Thousands of poems and poets. Poetry Search Engine. N.p., n.d. Web. 6  Nov.  2013.

Decision in paradise part II Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Decision in paradise part II - Case Study Example The People of Kava settle down but within a short while, they are quickly disoriented by yet another catastrophe that they all too well expected to happen. Our company is here to improve the well being of the people of Kava. The already established company intends to change the island a found paradise. It is so lost in a series of confusing and intertwined events to realize that it is a have by itself. The majority of Kava Island's population is aged 15 years and below. It is a culturally diverse island with a combination of people with 50% coming from indigenous tribes, French, Americans, Africans, and Spanish. The people of Kava are basically of indigenous belief. As a matter of, 50% of the people have an indigenous faith while the rest is a mixture of English, French and Spanish. The main economic activity is farming of spices, cocoa bananas and coffee. They also are involved in extraction of petroleum. The company will step by step take full advantage of these terrible disasters in Kava and turn them into opportunities. Whatever it is that we have to do however must be beneficial to both our company and the population of kava. After all, that's what intelligent business people do. As on employee of this company, I will have to adopt a decision making model that will help me turning this around. The main source of our strength is that the management of t... It is particularly impressed by the company's progress and development. The organization is efficient in all the operative departments, this includes the HR, Finance, Strategic planning, Marketing among others. The organizational structure and process is also reputable. For instance, the departments are decentralized for fast and effective decision, making. The threat is mainly the catastrophic nature f this land. Projects can be cut short or even destroyed try the numerous natural disasters. This however is our greatest opportunity as we will capitalize on re-carpeting, renovating and rebuilding the mess left behind by the calamities. Our only weakness is the workforce we have. The employees are not well versed with disaster management; the workers also require more expertise. To make a greater impact in the island and reap even more benefits, the company's human resources department intends to recruit more workers who must also be experienced. Various training and development measures will be put in place to empower the employees that we are currently having. To implement this the manager in the human resources department will organize for both on-the-job and off-the-job training. The employees who are based in the technical departments will be scheduled for on-the-job training while the rest will settle for seminars, workshops and other forms of training. To motivate the workers, the management will make a point of consulting them when doing the performance appraisal; they will also be consulted when making important decisions. To ensure that they do not resist organizational change, the workers will be involved actively in proposing the necessary changes in the company's management, strategic options and business expansion. In

The Future of Privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Future of Privacy - Essay Example Systemic instruments come from the engineering process from networks to machines to computers to codes to protocols. These are the systems that are built into machines. Collective instruments come from government policy applied to provide protection of goods and services. These are the instruments that are built into processes. The instrument of individual empowerment requires individuals to implement privacy-enhancement during online transactions. This is the instrument of choice. There will not be one-size-fits-all solution, though. PET should be thought of as toolkit. Each tool serves a particular purpose, but when combined, they achieve more than the sum of their parts. PET may be implemented such that the deficiencies of one are covered by the strengths of another (Raab 2004). Countrywide has the option to build security measures around systemic, political, and behavioral instruments. Combine such efforts enhances the effectiveness of each. It is in the interests of Countrywide Financial Corporation to develop practices to preserve client and corporate privacy (Countrywide 2009). Raab, C.D. (2004). The future of privacy protection.

Central Concerns in John Thompsons Political Scandal Essay

Central Concerns in John Thompsons Political Scandal - Essay Example This is because there was no perception of accountability to the public in many societies in the past. Moreover the dissemination of scandals far and wide, and as frequently as is possible, is made possible by the development of a plethora of media now available. This has resulted in lots of unearthing of covert actions of people in power. There are some people who look at the media coverage of scandals as a form of entertainment available to the people. However many consider the role of media as that of vigilant watch dog that unearths the wrongs in society and brings remedial action and plugs in all loopholes that encourage public figures to circumvent regulations and act in their private interest. Many recent books have come out on this subject and John Thompson's book, Political Scandal has made a significant contribution to the ongoing debate on the subject by an analysis of public scandals as churned out by the media and its effect on accountability of high ranking public figures, the effect of this on the erosion of credibility associated with their office and a host of other illuminating aspects of the problem. Thompson considers political scandals as violations of prescribed process and transgressions of regulations, which have been incorporated, in the democratic system as a measure to avoid misuse or check the deviation to unilateral action by a person who has a public responsibility. After the media has gained such significance as tools that can form the attitudes of people and influence the way they cast the vote, there has been a conscious attempt to throw the weight of the media in competitive politics. Thomson sees the reputation of the individual politician as the key asset that will determine his edge over his opponent in the process of election. The media is on the look out for transgressions committed by an individual as a matter of priority in its reporting due to various reasons. While some media report these transgressions merely to enhance their readership or viewer ship others may be committed to their role as watchdog Page 3 in a healthy democracy. In addition to this, in competitive politics, the motive may be to tarnish the reputation of the opponent by constant bombardment of the opponent by targeting weakest points. In this tendency Thompson sees the dangers of dragging political non-issues related to the personal conduct of public figures into vortex of media reporting. In many democracies, including some of the old and celebrated ones, the narrow-minded struggle for power heavily draws on the repertoire of sex scandals real or concocted to deal a deathblow to the reputation of the other. The mud slinging campaigns and personal vituperation that appear so blatantly in the media, Thompson, warns will undermine the social trust of the democratic system (p.251). The exposure of political scandals if undertaken responsibly, Thompson believes, can strengthen the democratic institutions. What he calls power scandals are those that contravene or seek to circumvent the rules, laws and established procedures that govern the exercise of political power (P.196). In a democratic set up power is to be exercised openly and the role of the media as a watchdog makes the exercise of the power an openly done task and hence accountable. However Thompson does not think

UNIFICATION IN GERMANY&IN ITALY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

UNIFICATION IN GERMANY&IN ITALY - Essay Example This code is called The Napoleonic Code. It is still a basis for many European laws. Napoleon was determined to change the confusing and contradictory royal laws so that he could reform the French legal system. Before the establishment of the Napoleonic Code, France did not have a single set of laws. So, the Napoleonic Code proved a milestone for the French legal system.1 The Napoleonic Code gave more power to men before the law, while women lost some of their significant rights that were granted to them during the time of revolution. The code states that the wife should be obedient to the husband and it is the duty of the husband to fulfill the needs of the wife within whatever means he has, and the husband is also responsible for providing protection to his wife. The code describes this relationship in the following words: â€Å"The wife is obliged to live with her husband, and to follow him to every place where he may judge it convenient to reside: the husband is obliged to receive her and to furnish her with every necessity for the wants of life, according to his means and station.†2 The code also states that a wife cannot begin legal proceedings without her husband’s authority, even if she is a public figure or a trader or has any other significant status in society, unless the judge gives her the right. But the authority of the husband does not matter when the wife is involved in any criminal case or police matter. The code states that in the case of divorce, the management of children will lie with the husband or petitioner unless the authority is given to the mother or family for greater advantage of the children. As the code states in Clause 267 of the Divorce section: â€Å"The provisional management of the children  shall rest with the husband, petitioner, or defendant, in the suit for divorce, unless it be otherwise ordered for the greater advantage of the children, on petition of

Perceptual system Essay Example for Free

Perceptual system Essay It has been found that our perceptual system respond to perceptual symbols as a means of making sense of information, it is not a unified center in the brain, rather it is a complex and integrated process which is affected by focus of attention, knowledge and memory, and emotional evaluation (Sekuler Blake, 2001). Focus of attention refers to the length and quality of the attention given to an image or situation, sometimes when our perceptual system experiences information overload, it tends to focus attention on the more relevant information and to disregard the unimportant information. However, there is no way to tell which information will be given attention or not, and sometimes vital information may not be perceived hence leading to misinterpretation of a situation. For example, in the movie Sixth Sense, we see the actor unable to open doors but we do not focus attention on that detail because we are intent at perceiving the events in the movie and listening to the dialogue of the characters, at the end of the movie we are shocked to find out that Bruce Willis was the ghost. Knowledge and memory brought about by previous experiences also lead us to misinterpret objects and situations, through learning we acquire perceptual sets that enable us to respond immediately to situation (Hommel Milliken, 2007). For example, we have heard from news reports that crimes by street gangs have risen and that most gang members are African-Americans and Latinos, such that when we witness a street fight, and later recall what we have seen, we are more likely to say that the gang members were Latino and African-Americans. This perceptual schema is often related to stereotypes, when we are bombarded with the same information we tend to believe that it is true and we commit that to memory. When confronted with incomplete images or situations, we tend to fill in the gaps based on our previous knowledge and experiences (Sekuler, Watamaniuk Blake, 2002). Our perceptual system is also affected by the emotional reaction that perceptual symbols trigger, for example, if I was fighting with a loved one and in the exchange of hurtful words, my perceptual system’s ability to process the information is clouded by the emotions that I attach to the hurtful words which causes more misunderstanding. In order to reduce misjudgments and misinterpretation of what we see, hear, or feel, it is always best to not rely on first impressions. When confronted with a situation in which we are asked to recall what happened, we must be conscious of how our previous experiences affect our understanding of the situation (Sekuler, Watamaniuk Blake, 2002). We must also be aware that we only have a limited attention span and it takes much concentration and presence of mind to be able to pay attention to details. We should also not rush into judgment, if we are unsure of the situation, then we must find ways to validate our understanding of the situation by asking other people of their judgments. As human as we are, we do tend to attach emotional values to objects and situations, for example, we feel disgust and fear for ex-convicts, therefore we limit or avoid our interaction with them and easily pass judgment that they should be locked up again, however not all inmates are criminals and there are those who really change and straighten their lives. However, since our emotion has gotten the better of us, then we do not perceive them as capable of change. Therefore, we should not let emotional attachments get in the way of how we perceive and process our world and the interactions we have with other people.

Film Auteur Theory

Film Auteur Theory ‘The auteur theory can be summarised most simply as an acknowledgement of the director as the primary and shaping force behind a film (Craig Keller). How is Godards ‘primary and shaping influence detectable, if indeed, it is? Introduction The auteur theory or la politique des auteurs was a principle developed in the 1950s by a group of French film critics namely: Eric Rohmer, Francois Truffaut and Jean-Luc Godard. These critics wanted to see an end to the â€Å"literary†, â€Å"lifeless† and not â€Å"truly cinematic† conventional cinema of the 1930s and 1940s. Inspired by fellow film critic Alexandre Astrucs camera-stylo theory which argued that â€Å"filmmakers should use their equipment as spontaneously, flexibly and personally as a writer uses a pen† these young critics wanted to break the constraints of conventional cinema. Through the experimentation of different cinematic techniques they began to implement their own personal artistic values in films, as directors. It was therefore their belief that an auteur is â€Å"the single individual most responsible for whatever personal expression (if any) a movie yielded up under critical analysis†. This definition has become the most universally understood of the auteur theory and therefore the one which will be referred to during this essay. Prior to the development of the auteur theory, a large majority of films were produced, shot and edited in a similar style. Large studios, with fixed cameras and the scriptwriter having overall control were the order of the day thus creating a rigid style of film production. The auteurs became the primary shaping force behind a movie, manipulating scenes to fit their style rather than employing the traditional method of following scriptwriters prompts. The auteur theory was initiated in the 1950s by a group of French Film Critics including the likes of Eric Rohmer, Francois Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard and Jacques Rivette. These critics spoke out against la tradition de la qualità © of cinema from the 1930s and 40s a period coined le cinà ©ma de papa claiming it to be â€Å"literary†, â€Å"lifeless† and not â€Å"truly cinematic†. In terms of the auteur theory Jean-Luc Godard was seen as the truly radical auteur. By most he is today seen as one of the most innovative and artistic directors having created his own ‘Gordards style. Whilst for others such as Susan Sontag he is ‘the deliberate destroyer of cinema. Either way Godard epitomizes a director out to challenge traditional cinema. Through his early films, such as Vivre sa Vie: Film en douze tableaux (1962) and Une femme est une femme he began to interrogate and illuminate conventional cinema via new cinematic and artistic techniques. He has since become very much the pivotal protagonist of the auteur theory. Objectives This essay will assess the extent to which Jean-Luc Godards ‘primary and shaping influence is detectable in his films. In the main body of this essay I will consider Godards ability to implement his own cinematic style through several inventive techniques. I will consider his ability to challenge the barriers between off screen and on screen reality through his use of sound and editing techniques. I will however, also argue that any kind of definition of the auteur theory oversimplifies the realities of a film making process and can therefore not be seen as a definitive theory. Andrew Sarris explains, one of the premises for an auteur is that the director must ‘exhibit certain recurring characteristics of style which serve as his signature†¦over a group of his films. It is therefore my intention to make reference to four of Godards films to highlight his during the Nouvelle Vague period. I will, therefore, make reference to four of Godards films: A bout de Souffle (1960), Une femme est une femme (1961), Vivre sa vie: Film en douze tableaux (1962) and Le Mepris (1963) to demonstrate†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ When cosidering these films one of the most common trends noticeable is his need to challenge the barriers of off screen and on screen reality. Prior to the Nouvelle Vague, films were predominantly revised novels put on screen. To most directors As Kreidel suggested in 1980 â€Å"[N]o one has yet made a more modern cinema than Godard†. Indeed, Godard through his reaction against traditional realism typifies someone who represents reality with recourse to conventional cinema. Prior to the Nouvelle Vague, directors followed very strict rules in their film making process in which they filmed in large studios with artificial lighting and with scripts which prevented improvisation. Godard completely reversed these rules in his films by directing them in a very spontaneous manner. Following the release of A Bout de Souffle actor Jean-Pierre Melville who played Parvulesco in the film said Godards movie was â€Å"anything shot anyhow†. Godard himself confirmed that â€Å"on A Bout de Souffle I used to write the evening before shooting.† According to Godard, the reason for him doing this was because â€Å"I liked to be surprised. If you know in advance everything you are going to do, it isnt worth doing. If a sh ow is all written down, what is the point of filming it? What use is cinema if it trails after literature?† This idea of filmmaking was revolutionary at the time and was a way in which Godard was implementing his own directional style to his movies. One of Godards earliest artistic influences came when directing his first motion picture A Bout de Souffle. Despite the film being a simple naturalistic movie with the camera following the characters in a deliberately real world filming realistic images, several factors led to the film being cut, mainly due to the length of the film. This created one of Godards most innovative filming techniques, the jump shot, and an editing method which would truly show Godard ability as a cinematic artist. The jump shot essentially create discontinuity in his films as it would catapult the action from one scene to the next with no palpable transition. One of the most noticeable examples of Godards jump shots in A Bout de Souffle came in the scene when Jean Seberg who plays Patricia is a passenger in the scene when Jean-Paul Belmondos character Michel drives her round the centre of Paris in a stolen convertible. During this scene there are up to seven jump shots in rapid succession of the position of Patricia head and the streets of Paris. In creating such a deliberately jagged shot Godard reminds the audience that they are watching a film, and not life itself, a concept vital to Godard when directing his films. One of the most innovative ways in which Godards primary and shaping force is evident in his films can be shown through his use of colour. In conventional cinema, colour was generally used in order to increase the commerciality of films. When it was occasionally used, it enhanced the mood in separate scenes. Godard as a notable auteur employed a far more ambitious use of colour. In his first two colour films Une femme est une femme and Le Mà ©pris he predominantly used primary colours due to him being influenced by â€Å"modern art: straight color, ‘pop art†. Godard uses bold primary colours to indicate the characterisation and narrative development in his films but in such a way that it does not act upon the viewer in a directly sensual way. In Godards first colour film Une femme est une femme, Angela is intent on having a child with her husband Emile. Emile however, is not so keen on the idea and comes across as rather blasà © about the subject; he predominantly wear s blue in the film which symbolises his rather laid back nature. After being repeatedly refused by Emile on the topic of having a baby, Angela goes to Emiles friend Albert to have an affair in the hope to conceive. Albert despite being happy to oblige feels no real affection for Angela and this is shown as he mainly wears grey to symbolise his disinterest in her. In Godards second colour film Le Mà ©pris Godard continues the pattern of using colour to represent characters personalities but tends to also use colour thematically. In the opening scene, when Camille is lying in bed with Paul discussing how much they love each other, Godard uses colour filters which are seen as a representative of what is going to happen in the film. If one considers that red symbolises love, white incertitude and blue coldness then it maps out what happens in the film, love to ambivalence to contempt. Furthermore, when examining the colours that are worn by the characters in the film, the reoccurring theme of Godard using colour to represent personality reappears. Paul the scriptwriter in the film is seen in a grey suit with blue specks highlighting his passive personality during the film. Jerry the ambitious American film producer is mostly seen in a blue suit, red tie and driving a red sports car which in turn highlights his dominant greedy and selfish nature. In addition, Camille is shown in several coloured dresses throughout the film so as to emphasize her continual change of emotions. Finally Francesca, Jerrys secretary wears a red jumper in the scene when she seduces Paul which again emphasizes Godards attempt to symbolise emotional currents in the film. It is important to note that several critics have suggested that on top of Godard using colour thematically the primary colours are also a referent to American musicals, a genre which fascinated Godard. This referent is most evidently seen in the opening credits of Une femme est une femme when bold colourful words flash up on the screen like neon lights reflecting the lavishness of the American musical. Furthermore, other critics suggest that the primary colours are a referent to either the French flag or American flag which again represents Godards primary and shaping influence within this film. A pivotal part in defining Godard as the primary and shaping force of his films can be seen in his use of sound. Prior to the Nouvelle Vague, sound was employed in film to replicate audibly the visual emotion of a scene in order to captivate the audience and make a scene appear more ‘realistic. Martin Heidegger highlights this tradition by saying that viewers have become accustomed to sounds â€Å"elegant effects† and thus treats them as real. Godard however, firmly believed that in ‘faking sound to captivate the audience, one is taking away the realism which he wanted in films. A point agreed by Richard Roud who suggested that â€Å"even in the most so-called realist film, sound has always been an exception†. It was therefore Godards intention to restore sound so that it would captivate ‘real life by refusing to edit or remix any previously recorded track, which he defined as sonic realism. One of Godards most notable examples of this was seen in A Bout de Souffle. Due to the sound being naturally recorded there are several scenes in the film when some of the characters conversations are muffled by natural or real noises. The use of natural sound reaches a peak during the scene in Patricias apartment when the noise of the sirens bellowing in through the open window actually drowns out the characters dialogue. Rather than being a distraction that takes the viewer out of the moment, the use of natural sou nd here, and throughout the film, only heighten the realism. After all, in life, it would be unrealistic to sit in a room with an open window in the centre of Paris and not hear any intrusive sounds. Jean Colet praises Godards creation of realism through sound stating â€Å"[Godard applies] to sound the same demands as for the pictures. [He captures] life in what it offers to be seen-and to be heard-directly.† Godards artistic use of sound can also be seen through his use of music in his films. In Godards Une Femme est une Femme he begins to break up music in short bursts. This use of music gives the sense of the film as a sort of assemblage different bits of the material world put together in a particular way. This further exemplifies Godards use of experimentation as when asked about his use of sound and music he said Things are there: but lets see how they work. Second Section It is undeniable that Godard has produced some of the most inspiring and innovative films through his use of story line and cinematic techniques. His exploitation of light, colour, and sound, editing and alienating the audience showed Godard had revolutionised traditional French cinema and in doing so has inspired modern day film directors such as Quentin Tarrantino. However, in using Kellers summary that an auteur is simply the primary and shaping force of his films it is unquestionably oversimplifying the realities of the film making process. As Godard changed so much in his films compared to traditional cinema it is not possible for him to be praised for every aspect of his films creation. Godard said in an interview in 1983: â€Å"I find it useless to keep offering the public the ‘auteur. In Venice, when I got the prize of the Golden Lion I said that I deserve only probably the mane of this lion, and maybe the tail. Everything in the middle should go to all the others who work on the picture: the paws to the director of photography, theface to the editor, the body to the actors. I dont believe in the solitude of†¦the auteur with a capital A†. Furthermore, Godard admitted that him and the likes of Truffaut, Rohmer and Rivette whilst taking the plaudits for the auteur theory, exaggerated the significance of the theory so as to establish personal expression as one of the primary values in Nouvelle Vague films. Several theorists have also raised doubts as to the significance of the auteur. Foulcault and Roland Barthes suggest that all creative ideas are moulded by the social and political forces that surround us. They go on to state that ideas are contrived from the knowledge that one has gained from past experiences. If one puts this in the context of Godards films it would suggest that Godards cinematic ideas and techniques were influenced by what he has learnt from past experiences. An example of this can be seen in his indirect use of Brechtian distanciation. Whilst it is evident that he was inspired by Brechts idea of alienating the audience to prevent them from being passive observers can one really claim that Godards cinematic techniques were not the result of Brechts indirect influence? Furthermore, when analysing many of Godards films, Godard refers to several quotes from the likes of William Faulkner and Edgar Poe. These are quotes which could have been easily edited but instead G odard â€Å"taste for quotation† suggests that he is not the primary and shaping force in his films.

Regeneration By Pat Barker Analysis English Literature Essay

Regeneration By Pat Barker Analysis English Literature Essay The story takes in the past. The entire story is in 1917. You can know that because it is during the First World War. In the beginning Rivers is reading a poem of Sassoon from July 1917 and in the end he wrote a date on a file of Sassoon which said: Nov. 26, 1917. In total I think the story takes a couple of months. In the beginning of the story Rivers reads a poem of Sassoon what is written in July 1917. So it will be in July or later. The story ends at November 1917 because that is what Rivers writes down on Sassoons files. So in total it will probably take a couple of months S. Sassoon July 1917 He drew the final page towards him and wrote: Nov. 26, 1917. Discharged to duty. The story takes place in Edinburgh, Scotland. Nearly always at Craiglockhart. Craiglockhart is a mental hospital. Its a standard, boring hospital with long hallways. On every room there sleep two patients and there is door of a patients room that has a lock except the one of Sassoon. Not even the shower. The town itself is hardly described. The only things they talk about are the restaurants and pubs in a street. This is you room. Youre lucky; its the only one which has a lock. Plot Sassoon is against the war and is being send to Rivers to cure him. They talk about the war and why Sassoon doesnt want the war to continue. Sassoon wants to go back to the war to help his friends when he is cured. At the end he is inspected and declared fit and goes back to the front. Characters Siegfried Sassoon, Dr. W.H.R. Rivers, Billy Prior As reader, you follow Sassoon the most. Sassoons father left him when he was a child. He is against the continual of the war and writes poems about it. He was a very good soldier and hes being loved by his men. Hes been diagnosed as Shell-shocked. River is his doctor at Craiglockhart. Although he is against the war, he still wants to fight because he does not want to leave his friend behind. River is a doctor at Craiglockhart. His patients never have any physical problems, but always mental problems. By talking with his patients hes trying to find out why they are ill and he tries to help them recovering from it. Sassoon is a special case because he is not really ill. Hes just against the war, but they thought he was shell-shocked. Prior is a lieutenant in the military. Hes been send to Craiglockhart because he couldnt speak. He also suffers from asthma. Prior is difficult patient for Rivers because he doesnt want to talk about his memories of the war. He falls in love with Sarah, a girl who works in a munitions factory. They are main characters because these are the people who you constantly follow during the book. Sassoon: Sassoons the best platoon commander Ive ever known. The men worship him if he wanted German heads on a platter theyd get them. And he loves them. Being separated from them would kill him. Rivers: One of the nice things about serving afternoon tea to newly arrived patients was that it made so many neurological tests redundant. Prior: Prior reached for the notepad and pencil he kept beside his bed and scrawled in block capitals, I DONT REMEMBER. Nothing at all? Prior hesitated, then wrote, NO. Wilfred Owen, Anderson, Sarah Lumb, Dr. Lewis Yealland, Callan, Robert Graves Message As reader of the book you can learn what the effect of a war can haven on people. That it doesnt only gives a lot of casualties and wounded people, but also lots of men who get a nervous breakdown because of the things theyve seen and experienced. I think the writer wrote this story to let the people see and know what a tremendous impact war can have on people. Because war is not only about brave men fighting, but also about young men who die and get crazy because of what theyve seen. The message is conveyed to you through the patients. Every patient has a different disease, but all of them are caused by the war. Throughout the book you discover the reasons why they are ill and those reasons are arguments of why the war should not continue. After being thrown into the air and landing head first in the ruptured stomach of a rotting dead soldier by a shell, which causes him to vomit whenever he eats anything. B: YOUR OPINION I think Rivers and Sassoon are sympathetic. Rivers is sympathetic because he helps all the patients. He could also say: bye, Im not going to help you. Especially mental patients, because they require a lot of attention and time to cure them. Sassoon is sympathetic because he loved him man at the front and they loved him. He was a good leader and bomber. I want to help you, I really do. But in order to do so, youve got to corporate. Sassoons the best platoon commander Ive ever known. The men worship him if he wanted German heads on a platter theyd get them. And he loves them. Being separated from them would kill him. I disliked Dr. Yealland. I disliked him because he uses shock therapy to his patients and he even pushes lighted cigarettes to their tongues. The patient had been strapped to a chair for periods of twenty minutes at a time, and very strong electric current applied to his neck and throat. Hot plates had been applied repeatedly to his neck and throat, and lighted cigarettes to the tongue. Sadness and anger. I felt sad when I read about Burns who landed into the stomach of a dead soldier and the stories of the other patients. I was angry when I read about the methods Dr. Yealland used to cure his patients. After being thrown into the air and landing head first in the ruptured stomach of a rotting dead soldier by a shell, which causes him to vomit whenever he eats anything. The patient had been strapped to a chair for periods of twenty minutes at a time, and very strong electric current applied to his neck and throat. Hot plates had been applied repeatedly to his neck and throat, and lighted cigarettes to the tongue. Then the electrode was applied to the back of his throat. He was thrown back with such force that the leads were ripped out of the battery. Yealland removed the electrode. Remember you must behave as becomes the hero I expect you to be, Yealland said. A man who has been through so many battles should have a better control of himself. He fastened the straps rounds Callans wrists and feet. Remember you must talk before you leave me. Dr. Yealland is trying to cure Callan. Callan is similar to Prior. He cant speak anymore. Through electro-shock therapy hes trying to let him talk again. Hes willing to go on as long as needed. At the end Dr. Yealland manages to let Callan speak again. I think this is the best part of the book because its nearly the only part in the book where something really happens. Nearly everything that happens in the book is people talking with each other. This part has the most action of the entire book. I do not really to read about people talking with each other, I want action. Yes. The write succeeded to convey a message to me. I now realize how bad wars can be for those who fight in it and what the effects can be. The writer makes the message clear by showing all the patients who suffer from the war, which got traumas because of it. It shows you what the effects are. Yes. The message is very important. People must realize how horrible wars are so that we do anything to prevent them. A war will not only kill people physically, but also mentally. Have you ever had any mental problems because of the war? Have you been a doctor who worked with patients who have had mental problems? Why did you wrote the book? I would like to know the answers to these questions because Im curious why he wrote the book and how he got his inspiration, his stories of the patients. C: THE SUMMARY Part I 2 hours Sassoon is against the war. He wants it to stop. Because of that, the military authority has labeled him as shell-shocked. Rivers is a doctor at Craiglockhart. It is a mental institute. Rivers has his doubts about Sassoon coming to Craiglockhart, because he thinks Sassoon is not shell-shocked. Robert Graves is a friend of Sassoon. He thinks Sassoon should stop protesting against the continual of the war, because he cant stop it. Even though he has the same opinion as Sassoon about it. Sassoon wanted to get a court-martial, because then his opinions would in the publicity. But Graves manages to get Sassoon to Craiglockhart instead. When Sassoon meets Rivers they start talking. Rivers finds out that religion is not the reason why Sassoon isnt fighting. He has nothing against fighting. Sassoon has problems with the idea that while others are dying at the front, he is safe at Craiglockhart. At Craiglockhart there is also another patient, Prior. Hes not able to speak, but not physically. He communicates with Rivers via a notepad. After a while he manages to get River talking again, but he still doesnt want to talk about what happened in France. Part II 2.5 hours At Craiglockhart Sassoon meets Owen. Just like Sassoon he also writes poetry. He asks if Sassoon could sign some of his poems. When Sassoon finds out hes also writing poetry he asks to read his poems. Prior, another patient at Craiglockhart goes to Edinburg. There he meets a girl called Sarah. They start walking and at a graveyard they nearly have sex, but at the last minute she pushes him away. Because Prior wasnt at Craiglockhart during the night he was grounded for two weeks. Rivers wants to try hypnosis on Prior to retrieve some memories. It works a little bit, because he remembered how two soldiers in his platoon died. There arrives a new patient at Craiglockhart. Willard. He was injured to the spine while he was under heavy fire at a graveyard. He keeps telling that he cant walk because of pain in the spine, while there is nothing that causes it anymore. Sassoon and Owen start talking in Sassoons room. Sassoon gives Owen some poems to publish into the hospitals magazine. In exchange for that, Sassoon will mentor Owen on his poetry. Prior meets Sarah again in Edinburg. They take the train to the sea. They talk with each other about the war and what his function was in it. Suddenly a storm comes up and they have to take shelter into a bush. There they also have sex. Rivers is ordered to take a three week holiday because he is so exhausted from work. Part III 2 hours At Craiglockhart Sassoon helps Owen with his poem: Anthem for doomed Youth Sarah and her friend Madge got to a hospital to look up Madges fiancà ©, who is wounded. Sarah decides to walk around alone in the hospital and find a tent where are soldiers who are missing limbs. She is angry, because they hide these people away. Prior is being examined by a doctor. He is afraid that they will think he is faking his illness, so that he will be sent back to war. River is meeting some old friends. They are discussing about Sassoon. Rivers realize that Sassoon is free to think about the war he wants, but that it is his job to get Sassoon back to war. At the end, Rivers got offered a top job in London. Although its good for his career, he is not sure if he wants to take it. Burns is an ex-patient of Craiglockhart. He invites rivers to come to his house at the sea for a couple of days. Rivers expected that burns wanted to talk about the war, but Burns hadnt said a thing about it. At a night, there is a heavy storm. Burns walks outside and goes into a cave that floods a high tide. Rivers finds him there suffering from flashbacks of the war in France. When theyre safe home, Burns tells everything to Rivers about the war. Once back at Craiglockhart Rivers meets Bryce and tells him that he is going to take the job in London. Rivers has an appointment with Sassoon. Sassoon tells him that he sees hallucinations of dead friends. Sassoon feels guilty that he is not helping his friends at the front, so he decides that he should return to the front. Part IV 2.5 hours Sarah has told her mother about Prior. She is angry at her because she had sex so soon. She also doesnt believe in true love. Sassoon talks with his friend Graves. Graves thinks that Sassoon should not go back to war and that he must maintain his word. He also tells Sassoon that a friend called Peter has been arrested for prostitution. The military now sends Peter to Rivers to cure him because they think he is homosexual. Sarah works at a munitions factory. They talk about the war and Sarah asks why a girl called Betty is not at work. Lizzie tells her that she is in the hospital because she tried a home abortion using a coat-hanger. Rivers talks with Sassoon. In a while, Sassoon will be send back to France. They discuss about homosexuality and that especially during war the authority is hard against homosexuality because it does not benefit the soldiers. The medical board is reviewing a couple of patients at Craiglockhart to decide whether or not they are able to go back to war. Prior is send home and gets permanent home service because he has asthma. He doesnt like it because he thinks that the people will see him a coward and that he cannot find out what type of soldier he would be. Sassoon is tired of all the waiting before its his turn to meet the board, so he decides to leave and have some dinner with a friend. River is angry at Sassoon. Sassoon apologizes and tells River that he still wants to go to France. When Rivers is at his new job in London he meets his colleague Dr. Yealland. Dr. Yealland works very differently than Rivers does. He uses electro-shock therapy to cure his patients. When Rivers joins one of Dr. Yeallands treatments he is shocked by his methods and doubts whether he can work with him. Sassoon is send back to war and River is thinking about the effect Sassoon and last few months have had on him. I did not really had any expectations while reading. There was also not much to expect I think. They talk and thats it. Theres nothing thats going to happen of that someone is going to do something. The end ended as I expected it. Sassoon got back to war. But that is also what he always wanted and said he was going to do. I dont think there should be a different ending. I did not really liked the book. I prefer books with action in it. This book has nearly no action at all. Lots of dialogues and sometimes difficult language. In my opinion there were also no reasons to keep on reading. I can understand why there would be reasons for other people, but not for me. For me there were no things that I really wanted to know, so that I had to keep on reading. In overall I think it wasnt a bad book, but I also did not enjoyed reading it. I prefer different types of books.

Global Warming Essay -- Environment, Renewable Energy

Everyone is talking about it, and the news is constantly covering it. But nobody ever does anything about it. The â€Å"it† is global warming. Global warming has been steadily increasing since the industrial revolution at alarming rates causing extreme weather including droughts, floods, heat waves, and hurricanes, which is a major concern. In fact, it’s increasing at a rate of 10% every year (Ferrey 68). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a group of scientists and government representatives from 130 countries that estimate the temperature rise to be 3.2-7.8 degrees Fahrenheit by the year 2100 (Cunningham 207). There is a way to slow carbon emissions. The people of Sweden produce only 6.5 tons per person per year of carbon dioxide (CO2) versus the United States with a CO2 production rate of 20.14 tons per person per year. Amazingly, Sweden adopted renewable energy sources and strict conservation measures which have reduced its carbon emissions by 4 0 percent over the past 30 years while still experiencing dramatic increases in personal income and quality of life (Cunningham 208). In order to minimize the consequences of global warming, we must introduce highly efficient vehicles, create an abundance of renewable resources, and form the laws needed to slow global warming. Each of these solutions will provide a dramatic impact in reducing the carbon emissions, but it will take more than just the effort of these solutions, we must apply them to keep the earth as healthy as possible. The first solution is the introduction of highly efficient cars that will get better gas mileage and consume much less fossil fuel because they are the primary producers in global warming (Heckeroth 94). There has been significant develo... ...ote these technologies, developing nations will not take part in these options, which are often more expensive to implement. They will instead decide to burn coal and other fossil fuels (Ferrey 19). This would then defeat the purpose of proposing solutions because they would be doing the opposite of what is intended. In conclusion, there is a lot that is needed to be done about global warming, but the change won’t happen fast. In order to minimize the consequences of global warming, these solutions must be acted upon right away in order to slow global warming. We humans are the ones ultimately responsible of this problem; so we must agree in every way to solve it before the consequences get even worse. If this is followed the world will then have converted into a primarily solar energy world, free of its dependence on fossil fuels and the harm of the environment.

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Jordan's offense proved less critical than his presence. (AP) more photos Wizards cruise in Jordan's return The Wizards didn't need an A game from Michael Jordan to win convincingly in his return. Jordan returned to the lineup earlier than expected, scoring seven points in 16 minutes of Washington's 107-75 rout of host Denver. Jordan received a loud ovation when he got off the bench late with 2:55 left in the first -- his first appearance as a reserve since April 5, 1986. He wore a protective sleeve, but didn't seem to favor his knee at all. Jordan's two baskets matched Shaquille O'Neal's output from the field in the Lakers' 108-90 loss at San Antonio. College Hoops Extravaganza Clark Kellogg Exclusive Analysis Tournament Tracker Live Audio and Stats Follow multiple games at the same time! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tournament Pick'em presented by TUMS Check your bracket More Coverage  · News | Headquarters  · Brackets | Scoreboard  · TSN Bracket Packet  · TheInsiders.com News  · Slideshow | Gallery  · Chat | Message Boards  · Championship Gear Top Stories Fantasy Sports - Chrysler Fantasy Golf - Baseball | More Baxter stripped of bronze medal - Olympics Woods looking for repeat at TPC - Golf Caminiti pleads guilty to cocaine charge - MLB Capriati, Seles join U.S. Fed Cup team - Tennis Jordan returns, Wizards win - NBA Girl hit by puck died from artery damage - NHL Kidd leads Nets past Trail Blazers 97-82 - NBA Duncan leads Spurs to rout of Lakers - NBA Bender fired as Washington coach - NCAA Men's Basketball Syracuse advances to NIT semifinals - NCAA Men's Basketball headlines updated at Thu Mar 21 09:18:55 2002 Broadcast & Chat Events Media NBA Highlights - Sports Talk Radio - View Slideshow - Photo Gallery - What's on Today - NCAA Wrestling Championships: Okla. St. - 11 am ET NCAA Men's Hoops: Indiana vs. Duke - 6:30 pm ET (national feed) NCAA Men's Hoops: Arizona vs. Oklahoma - 7:25 pm ET NASCAR: Raybestos Fast Talk with Benny Parsons - 7 pm ET (Real | Windows Media) more broadcast events... Expert Columns More Events - Figure Skating Features - Sports Community - Sports Buzz Index - Buy Tickets | Calendar - Transactions | Odds Daily Trivia - Sports Trivia Games - Quote of the Day Ladies first - Frank Deford, Sports Illustrated

Orem’s General Theory of Nursing Essay

Theoretical Framework According to Orem’s General Theory of Nursing, the theory of self care deficit results when self care agency is not adequate to meet the self-care demand. Moreover, it explains when people need nursing care and how people can be assisted. In relation with Mrs. DNB, she is unable to perform any self care actions because of her complications. Our role as a nurse is to help and meet the self care needs of our patient by guiding and directing to prevent any further infection, providing physical or psychological support and maintain a quiet environment to recover from their illness. We as nurses should teach our patient for them to learn to perform self care measures which is important for their recovery. OREM SELF-CARE DEFICIT THEORY Orem’s purpose for developing the Self-Care Framework was two-fold: she was trying to find the meaning of nursing and to develop a body of nursing knowledge in rendering care to the patient. Orem theory has focused on the beginning development of scientific knowledge in the field of nursing. In her theory, Orem defines the four concepts that constitute nursing’s metaparadigm, such as health, nursing, environment and human being. HEALTH- In addressing the concept of health, Orem says health and healthy are terms used to describe living things. It is when they are structurally and functionally whole or sound life. She further clarifies her position by defining health as â€Å"a state of physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. NURSING- Orem sees nursing as â€Å"an art through which the practitioner of nursing gives specialized assistance to persons with disabilities of such a character that greater than ordinary assistance is necessary to meet daily needs for self care of their patient. Nursing consists of actions deliberately selected and performed by nurses to help individuals or groups under their care to maintain or change conditions in themselves or their environment. ENVIRONMENT- Orem sees environment as encompassed by two dimensions—physical, chemical and biologic features and socioeconomic features. Physical, chemical, and biologic features include things such as atmosphere, pollutants, weather conditions, pets, infectious organisms and the like are important in helping your client recover from their condition. HUMAN BEING- Orem’s work in her humanistic category, the Self-Care Framework is most appropriately placed in the developmental category of knowledge because it addresses self-care agency, self-care deficits, and therapeutic demands as they present throughout life.

Majestica Hotel in Shanghai?

Majestica was founded in Western atomic number 63 and foc apply exclusively on atomic number 63 and the United States initi all(prenominal)y, the expansion into China had been on counsels agenda since 1999, the hazard emerged in late 2003, Majesticas final cause to operate the luxury hotel satisfied cycles ambition to build a pre-eminent hotel in Shanghai, simply there be 5 issues among Majestica and cycles/second. First, the length of catch term, Majestica asked for a contract term of 55 years, it was based in its typical wariness contract term in the world, round just had been prepared to offer 12 years, it based on the level of licensing in China.After consideration, cps made a concession, cycles/second countered with an offer of 30 years, simply Majestica swaned that the hotel management contract term should be at least 50 years. Second, pre-opening assistance, CPS couldnt accept Majesticas request for retaining the approval skilful over all design aspects relating to the hotel, Majestica argued that it was make sure that the hotel would be developed as an excellent hotel.Third, piddle of the hotel, CPS suggested that the hotel be named Shanghai Oceania Majestica Hotel, only if Majestica insisted Majestica Hotel, Shanghai. Fourth, the form of the hotel should be delimitate well. The purpose for CPS, they require the owner should take in the privileges that bring the special access to the hotel and the military position use as a hotel room, however Majestica thinks it would make confusion for the hotel management. Majestica really ticktocks to its doctrine of the hotel management.Fifth, the sovereignty of Corporate Governance, CPS proposed Chinese ecumenic passenger car would be used in the near future, the number of the expat managers should be reduce and local anaesthetic managers adept to replace them, and the equipment purchase in internal overly, but Majestica believes that the competence of the general manager was more i mportant issue than their Chinese background, did not believe the local tribe would have the ability to achieve the avail culture.Besides, Majestica insisted that it essential(prenominal) have the exclusive obligation and authority on hiring general staffing and buying facilities, the owner have not approximately(prenominal) privileges, also a minority righteousness position. The management contract is complicated between the owner and the technical supplier, so, inevitably, Majestica and CPS must have to communicate a capacious deal of times. In these negotiations, if we were Majestica. We would make concessions in appropriate range.As a afterwards entrant and in the unseas sensationd emerging market-China, it must have to be subordinate and sacrifice a lot to forecast the market and impress customers, especially the communist policy in China and the take partner-CPS. We willing afraid that the extra imply and requirement to CPS will arouse the government negativ e feelings no military issue municipal or the China government. If did that, it must be the most difficult to elucidate the access to this potential market, even though the contract is so disadvantageous to us. Technically, the attributes of Majestica washbasint be doubted. We will insist the professional to maintain and develop our quality. equal the 30 length of contract to sustain the leasing of our tips and exclusive technique of the management the equipments in hotel could let them make decisions on several(prenominal) items, but the special items should keep to roost the style and the luxury level the staffing would be trained, capable and selected as a flash-frozen rate between foreigner and local people we could make the concession on the general manager and the owners access to hotel rooms, but it depends on the general manager ability not the nationality and act the go around not to influence the management we will also try our best to be nice and friendly in negot iation and arbitration place. Last but not the least, the name to get into the sassy market is vital, so we will stick our opinion and not to change . On the otherwise hand, if Majestica refuses to make concessions, what the action will we take as CPS?We wont walk away emotionally because the Chinese market is opening to the all told world now it is a right(a) opportunity for CPS to get some more experiences with big company such(prenominal) as Majestica. To make up this telephone line connection, it is not only benefiting for these years, but also help them to find out what charitable of position they can be fitted in. In another way to talk near it, the hardest part of this situation is both(prenominal) of them have different operating philosophical system. We can read there is not only one way to lead success, however doing the right thing, giving the customers what they expect will constantly be the same rules for no doubt. Actually, CPS should pay more efforts to und erstand why Majestica can get on the take place place in this industry. And then, they would know why Majestica asks for so many requests.Only if CPS and Majestica get the complete information which both of them should know, they can start to discuss to the highest degree making concessions. Otherwise, it could be a chemistry situation without any reaction as no one takes in others shoes. The brand-new market, the brand-maintaining firm with principles and besotted philosophy of managing, the huge investor as the owner of the hotel with nationalist and hoping to do best in china market with low cost, severally of them weave a complex and hard issue which deserves us to debate deeply. It is life-or-death to think about that how to gain into the new market as a by and by entrant how to maintain the quality and philosophy against the investor with demands.

Privilege: Racism and Jim Crow Laws Essay

The study White let and Male Privilege written by Peggy McIntosh was edify and controersial. It was enlightening because she shows you how certain groupings of tribe can postulate privilege over other diametrical groups, and be unaw be or in denial over it. Peggys horizontal surface was controversial because it talk of the towned about the privilege that precise few shake off the courage to talk about. The white and male privilege and the situation that it is looming over our heads as a society. throughout history theres a superscript and modest race and sex.The superior race is the white race, opposed to the African Americans who argon considered the inferior. Additionally men be the superior sex opposed to women. induce is a sensitive subject when discussed collect to the painful history of our country, most notably the plight of African Americans. African Americans bewilder had a painful background of bondage and inequalities along with unjust rights they had t o endure. They were not considered hu earthly concerns, plainly were property of their white slave owners. racialism has been social constructed for whatever decades.It is possible that the racial hierarchy can control m both aspects of the human life. It can control what large-minded of jobs you receive, politics, media, insurance, and purge your place of residence this is reverberating of the Jim Crow laws. Jim Crow laws were not only anti black laws but a way of life predominantly for gray people. The Jim Crow laws were constructed to keep African Americans from climb up higher on the social ladder. Education, merchant marine and work were kept at a bare minimum for African Americans. chthonian no means necessary was any African American to act as if they were equal to the white race.It ultimately controlled where they were allowed to go and what they were allowed to do. If for any reason this law was broken, consequences were normally en draw offd by physical force co nsequences for challenging whites and their authority. This was a way for the whites to economise dominance and ensure the African Americans stayed at the bottom of the racial hierarchy. This was the cost for beingness innate(p) black. For being born into a society where your race was the ultimate cypher in your social status, and rather than being born into a world of acceptance, you were born into a world of exile.This portrays in the coupled States the black and white color lines that overhear been imbedded into our minds and enforced due to the dominance of the white race for so long. Men withal have advantages over women, especially politically. raze though generation have changed and women are able to vote, men still are the dominating force in politics. Women have to fight longer, harder and be three times more qualified than a man to get some positions or to even qualify for jobs over a man. When some women are appointed higher positions over men they get criticized and sometimes even degraded because of it. about men wear thint even see or recognize when this occurs. Many white people are in denial of preconceived notions that they might have on a certain mortal or group because of their race. I myself have been a victim of racism at work. People charter to believe the color of your skin indicates your worth. Some expect you to fail and not result because of this. They expect you to meet the standard of the person they have seen on TV, in a movie, or on the radio. However, what they dont realize is that these are stereotypes that the media portray of a certain group and that perception is not always accurate.They also take a bad experience with nonpareil individual, and give an entire race that way. No oneness realises why we come in so many shades sizes and variations. However, we do know that the social concepts of race deprives from the history that one has come from. Race as healthful as the sex of a person was once used as a tactic of fear, fear that was instilled in a person to make them powerless and inferior to another race. Although many things have changed for the best(p) in our society, racism and the sex of a person is still a look out on factor.

Goals of Linguistic Essay

Mr. 1. Introduction 1. 1.If youre writing a career goals essay, keep reading to learn how.* mad Clean deduction is only possible in the logical disciplines. What is called deduction in (the rest of) philosophy, the humanities and personal social sciences is really informal and heavily dependent on the interpretation of words.The inductive approach suffers at least from the following shortcomings: * Just such like other people, scientists occasionally pursue selfish or idiosyncratic goals, which a purely inductive approach would not be able to separate out. * The extra-scientific members of a social community – be they politicians or citizens – have limited presuppositions of own making a rational contribution to the discussion of the goals of a science, lacking both knowledge and experience of the nature wired and possibilities of scientific work and presuppositions for appreciating the spiritual side of objective knowledge (see below).Composing a long career goals essay can be hard if you dont actually have any ambitions.

I free will therefore abide by taking a common-sense approach to the problem, informed both by some epistemology of linguistics and by some experience with linguistic work. 1. 2. Fundamentals Like any human activity, linguistics has a place in a teleonomic hierarchy (see teleonomische Hierarchie) which is headed by its ultimate goals.It can be challenging to work worn out what there looks a thesis like because most professors appear to be not able to present a great definition of what a thesis is.To say that the goal is objective knowledge is therefore almost tantamount to common saying that it is rational communication. This rephrasing also serves the purpose of avoiding a static conception of ‘objective knowledge’. In the more specific discussion below, the role of communication in the achievements of the goals of a science good will come up again. Understanding has two sides, a spiritual and a practical one.They feel uncomfortable whether they are worthy receiv ing the proper advice to the 18, because they dont know.

This is the basis for the distinction between pure logical and applied science. Linguistics is the study of human language.Understanding this object has a purely spiritual aspect, which constitutes what might be called â€Å"pure linguistics† and what is more commonly called general linguistics. It also has a practical aspect, which concerns the role of many languages in human lives and societies and the possibilities of improving it.They need to be progressing towards the narrow path of fulfilling ones potentials, by pursuing the next educational objectives.Here we will focus on the tasks of linguistics as an empirical discipline. good For such a discipline, the main tasks are: 1. elaboration of a theory of its object 2. documentation and brief description of its object 3.Its essential for me to find a good education.

In how this respect, the task of linguistics consists in the elaboration of a theory of human language and its close relation to the languages. Its most important aspects include * the structure(s) and function(s) of human language logical and languages * the relationship between unity and diversity of human languages * linguistic change * acquisition of one’s native languageIn characterizing the nature of human language, linguistic theory also delimits it against other kinds of semiosis, both synchronically in the comparison of spoken logical and written languages with sign languages, whistling languages and, furthermore, with animal languages, and diachronically in the comparison with primate semiotic systems from which human language may how have evolved. 3. Empiry: documentation and description of languages As recalled above, linguistics is (among other things) an empirical science.Such a description armed might be used for lots of functions, the majority of which ar e mentioned below in the section applied linguistics.language description: 1. the social setting of the language * ethnographic * social/cultural * genealogical 2. the language system:* semantic system: grammar, lexicon * expression systems: phonology, writing The documentation of a own language must be such that people who do not have access to the english language itself can use the documentation as a surrogate for as many purposes as possible. In particular, it should be possible to develop a description of a language on the basis of its documentation.Language many plays a part in personal identity.

That is, in the synchronic perspective, they are systematic, while in the diachronic perspective, they are historical. 4. Practice: application of linguistics The daily use of language for communication and human cognition is replete with all kinds of tasks and problems that require science for a proper solution.Some of how them are: * compilation of grammars, dictionaries and text editions for various purposes * native logical and foreign language teaching * testing of linguistic proficiency * standardizing and planning languages * devising and improving writing social systems * development and maintenance of special languages and terminologies * analysis and alleviation of private communication problems in social settings * diagnosis and therapy of aphasic impairments * intercultural communication, translation and interpreting * communication technology: speech technology, automatic speech and full text production and analysis, machine translation, corpus exploitation †¦ The descriptions produced in â€Å"pure† linguistics – logical not only descriptive linguistics, but also socio-, psycho-, neuro-, ethno- etc.Many languages have never been so lucky.* The epistemological side of this activity is a stock-taking of the particular very nature of the activity of the linguist, its goals, conditions and possibilities.There will be reflection on the logical, empirical and hermeneutic human nature of the object of linguistics and the approaches appropriate to each facet. * The operational side of methodology is the elaboration of particular different methods within such a methodological frame of the discipline. Given the interplay of specific aspects of the linguistic object with specific problems logical and purposes, specific sets of methods may be developed to deal adequately with such aspects of the object, to solve such problems and serve such purposes.Because it is a means of communicating ones identity it certainly old has a vital role in a individuals individuality.

Cooperation: interdisciplinary fertilization.The articulation of science into disciplines is, first of all, a necessity of the division of labor. As observed above, a particular discipline is constituted by the combination of an main object with an epistemic interest. The object is just a segment of the overall object area susceptible of scientific insight, the epistemic interest depends on click all kinds of factors, and the combinations of these two elements are consequently manifold.Possessing a different language is a step and a own benefit forward.where the interfaces for the combination of related theories are. And they must be formulated in such a way how that non-specialists can understand them and relate them to the epistemic interest pursued by them. Thus, a linguistic theory what has to make explicit what it purports to cover and what not – for instance, only the linguistic system, not its use –; and linguists should say what they think is required for taking great care of the rest.Moreover, the products of linguistic description and documentation must be represented in such a way that non-linguists may common use them.Thesis statements arent simple to write.

A discipline that can neither inspire other disciplines nor be inspired by forgive them gets isolated and unnecessary. 7. Conclusion Above, five areas of goals of linguistics have been identified: 1.Theory: the nature of only human language 2.Decisions are constructed upon conclusions.Goal #1, the elaboration of a theory of its object, is the highest goal of any science. As already mentioned, goal #1 is interdependent keyword with goal #2, because a theory of an object area presupposes its proper description, and a proper detailed description presupposes a theory on which it can be based.Furthermore, the production of documentations and descriptions is a service to the society. This is even more true of goal #3: The solution of daily-life tasks and problems is a practical contribution to the improvement of the conditio humana.Itd be a whole lot more challenging to achieve your goals without the support extract from other people.

Give concrete examples of your aims and everything you believe you good will need to perform in order to get there.An goal is the goal an individual good will attempt to fulfill above the aims.If it regards objectives I also have made my own mind up.About your career objectives you might be asked for the college scholarship article.