Proportioning of Concrete Ingredients and Mixes

Ingredients for concrete are cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. The best concrete can be obtained by mixing the ingredients in correct proportions. The ideal proportion of concrete will be that, which produces greatest strength and solidity at the least cost. In estimating the quantities of ingredients for cement concrete it should keep in mind that voids of coarse aggregates are filled up by sand and voids of fine aggregates are filled up by cement. The concrete mix of 1: 1: 2 and 1: 11/2: 3 are mostly used for water retaining structures.The concrete mix 1: 2: 4 is most commonly used for R. C. C. construction. The mix proportion of 1: 3: 6 and 1: 4: 8 are used in lean concrete works. The concept behind the proportioning of concrete mixes is that the resulting concrete is densest and strongest with least amount of cement. Following are the methods of proportioning concrete: †¢Arbitrary Standard Method. The concept of this method is that fine aggregate should be sufficient in the mix to fill the voids of coarse aggregate and quantity of cement is just sufficient to fill the voids of the fine aggregate.By experiments and experience, it is seen that ratio of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate to develop a dense mix lies between 1: 11/2 and 1: 21/2. Similarly, amount of cement, required to fill the voids of fine aggregate is ascertained. Based on experience and experiments, it is possible to fix arbitrary ratios of cement, F. A. and C. A. in forms of 1: n: 2n. †¢Minimum Voids Method. In this method of proportioning, the voids in F. A. and C. A. are found out the separately with the help of graduated cylinder and water.After finding the voids, cement and F. A. are so proportioned that they are slightly more in volume than the voids in F. A. and C. A. , respectively. Cement is normally taken 10% more and F. A. about 15% more than the percentage of voids in F. A. and C. A. Sufficient water is added to the mix, so obtained to make the mix wo rkable. This method does not give satisfactory results because presence of water, in sand and cement separates the constituents of coarse aggregate, thereby increasing the voids.In this method of proportioning no consideration is given to the grading of the aggregate which is very important concept in concrete technology. Hence, concrete designed by this method does not give the highest strength. †¢W/c Ratio. W/c ratio law states that the strength of well compacted concrete with good workabity is dependent only on w/c ratio. In addition to other factors like grading and proportioning of aggregates, proportion of cement, the workability of concrete also depends upon the quantity of water used in the mixture. ? Proportioning of Concrete Ingredients and Mixes Ingredients for concrete are cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. The best concrete can be obtained by mixing the ingredients in correct proportions. The ideal proportion of concrete will be that, which produces greatest strength and solidity at the least cost. In estimating the quantities of ingredients for cement concrete it should keep in mind that voids of coarse aggregates are filled up by sand and voids of fine aggregates are filled up by cement. The concrete mix of 1: 1: 2 and 1: 11/2: 3 are mostly used for water retaining structures.The concrete mix 1: 2: 4 is most commonly used for R. C. C. construction. The mix proportion of 1: 3: 6 and 1: 4: 8 are used in lean concrete works. The concept behind the proportioning of concrete mixes is that the resulting concrete is densest and strongest with least amount of cement. Following are the methods of proportioning concrete: †¢Arbitrary Standard Method. The concept of this method is that fine aggregate should be sufficient in the mix to fill the voids of coarse aggregate and quantity of cement is just sufficient to fill the voids of the fine aggregate.By experiments and experience, it is seen that ratio of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate to develop a dense mix lies between 1: 11/2 and 1: 21/2. Similarly, amount of cement, required to fill the voids of fine aggregate is ascertained. Based on experience and experiments, it is possible to fix arbitrary ratios of cement, F. A. and C. A. in forms of 1: n: 2n. †¢Minimum Voids Method. In this method of proportioning, the voids in F. A. and C. A. are found out the separately with the help of graduated cylinder and water.After finding the voids, cement and F. A. are so proportioned that they are slightly more in volume than the voids in F. A. and C. A. , respectively. Cement is normally taken 10% more and F. A. about 15% more than the percentage of voids in F. A. and C. A. Sufficient water is added to the mix, so obtained to make the mix wo rkable. This method does not give satisfactory results because presence of water, in sand and cement separates the constituents of coarse aggregate, thereby increasing the voids.In this method of proportioning no consideration is given to the grading of the aggregate which is very important concept in concrete technology. Hence, concrete designed by this method does not give the highest strength. †¢W/c Ratio. W/c ratio law states that the strength of well compacted concrete with good workabity is dependent only on w/c ratio. In addition to other factors like grading and proportioning of aggregates, proportion of cement, the workability of concrete also depends upon the quantity of water used in the mixture. ?

Mortar Mixes Using Different Concentration Of MGSO4 Environmental Sciences Essay

1.0 General: Mortar mix is a combination of cement and sand that is used to keep together building type blocks. On adding H2O it becomes a feasible paste that sets difficult. It is used with stuffs like bricks and rocks to do paseos and walls. Mortar was originally made of clay or clay. There is grounds of the usage of howitzer in civilizations around the universe. Persian and Babylonian constructions used howitzer from about 2900 BC on. The earliest Egyptian pyramids used the clay or clay combination, while ulterior edifices used gypsum or calcium hydroxide. Mortar can besides be used for the fix of masonry when the original howitzer has washed off. Modern howitzers are typically made from a mixture of sand, a binder such as cement or calcium hydroxide, and H2O. Cement fabrication is related with a batch of environmental jeopardies and has impacts at all phases of the procedure. These include emanations of airborne pollution in the signifier of dust, gases, noise and quiver when runing machinery and during blaring in preies, and harm to countryside from quarrying, heavy metal emanations in the during the high-temperature calcination procedure of limestone and clay minerals and the ingestion of a immense sum of fuel. Most cement kilns today use coal and crude oil coke as primary fuels, and to a lesser extent natural gas and fuel oil. For the turning population of the universe, the demand for lodging and electricity is besides increasing consequently. For lodging and other installations, the building industry is turning at a really fast gait with of all time increasing demand for cement. To carry through the demand of electricity for such population in India up to 2004 the electricity coevals was about 1,12,058 MW, 65-70 % of which is thermic ( largely coal based ) . Further, harmonizing to an estimation 100,000 MW capacity or more would be required in the following 10 twelvemonth. Concrete is a composite stuff composed of harsh farinaceous stuff ( the sum or filler ) embedded in a difficult matrix of stuff ( the cement or binder ) that fills the infinite between the sum atoms and gums them together. We can besides see concrete as a composite stuff that consists basically a binding medium which particles or fragments of sums are embedded. The simplest representation of concrete is:Concrete = Filler + Binder.There are many different sorts of concrete. For illustration, Portland cement concrete, asphalt concrete, and epoxy concrete. In concrete building, the Portland cement concrete is utilized the most. Therefore, the term concrete normally refers to Portland cement concrete. Admixtures are stuffs other than sum ( all right and coarse ) , H2O, fiber and cement, which are added into concrete batch instantly before or during blending. Use of Admixtures has become a common pattern in modern concrete. Chemical alloies can modify the scene and indurating feature of cement paste by act uponing the rate of cement hydration. Water-reducing alloy can plasticise fresh concrete mixtures by cut downing surface tenseness of H2O, air-entraining alloies can better the lastingness of concrete, and mineral alloies such as pozzolana ( stuffs incorporating reactive silicon oxide ) can cut down thermic snap. 1.1. Mortar: A edifice stuff made by blending calcium hydroxide, cement or plaster of Paris with sand, H2O and sometimes with other stuffs, used in masonry for fall ining rocks, bricks, etc. besides for stick oning. 1.1.1 Gypsum howitzer: The Egyptians used gypsum howitzers in the building of the pyramids. More late, this type of howitzer was used to reconstruct much of the metropolis of Paris, which gave its name to the Gypsum, sometimes called Plaster of Paris, as a consequence of the natural gypsum sedimentations found under the territory of Monmartre. Some of this gypsum bonded masonry still exists in the older parts of Paris. More late, an imported external render, based on Gypsum, originally developed in France, was imported into the United Kingdom. However, after a short period of clip and a bad history of failures this was withdrawn from the market. In add-on to this recent job, it is known that many of the bing historic homes in Paris, that were originally built with gypsum howitzer and have non been restored, suffered severely from moistness and impairment. As a consequence of these inauspicious experiences, and partially originating from the theoretical position that they do non organize hydrates that are stable in presence of H2O, gypsum howitzers are, hence, non used today and non recommended for external work. 1.1.2 Lime Mortars: The Egyptians used lime howitzers, with literature on this topic dating back 2000 old ages. Lime howitzers are believed to indurate and derive strength by the vaporization of H2O and the soaking up of C dioxide from the ambiance. This consequences in the gradual transition of calcium hydroxide into Ca carbonate. This mechanism is theoretically right, but takes a really long clip to bring forth any meaningful strength. 1.1.3 Calcium oxide: The calcium hydroxide is produced, by and large by firing mineral natural stuffs ; dwelling of Ca chiefly but Mg based calcium hydroxides besides exist. Magnesium based calcium hydroxides are non nevertheless used for howitzer in the United Kingdom or Ireland and will non be considered farther in this text. In the United Kingdom, the natural stuffs that are burnt in the kiln to bring forth calcium hydroxide are chalk or limestone, but in theory any chalky feedstock could be used. In some states, shells, corals and other beginnings of Ca are besides used satisfactorily. When the natural stuff, which is fundamentally composing of Ca carbonate, is heated to about 950oC, the combined C dioxide is driven off in the signifier of gas, to ensue in Ca oxide or calcium oxide remaining. 1.1.4 Hydrated calcium hydroxide: Calcium oxide is non used straight in howitzer, but it is foremost reacted with H2O to bring forth Ca hydrated oxide, known as â€Å" quenched † or â€Å" hydrated † calcium hydroxide and in this signifier it is ready to be added in a howitzer mix. However, it is formed that pure Ca hydrated oxide howitzers, though being capable of indurating and strength development, in world it reacts highly easy. Hence, it require a period of possibly 100 old ages for a howitzer articulation to carbonate or indurate to a deepness of possibly 6 to 10 millimeter ( carbonation is the transition of Ca hydrated oxide to calcium carbonate ) . The ancient craftsmen realized this, and knew that a really pure calcium hydroxide was really inferior to one that had some drosss. 1.1.5 Hydraulic calcium hydroxide: When cement is manufactured, calcium hydroxide is burnt in a kiln with clay, to supply a cementing compound that reacts with H2O to bring forth a hard-boiled hydrate. It can be seen that the presence of clay drosss produces efficaciously weak cement. This deficiency of understanding besides leads to an erroneous reading of the belongingss of lime howitzers. Some modern builders and specifies ascribe a whole overplus of good belongingss to â€Å" lime † howitzers, based chiefly on their observations of the long life of historic constructions, without recognizing precisely what type of lime howitzers they do necessitate for their usage. Many successful and long lasting constructions that they believe to incorporate lime howitzers are based on hydraulic calcium hydroxide. In world this is weak and rough cement, when compared to the purer hydrated calcium hydroxides that are produced today. It will be seen that usage of the latter stuff will non bring forth a howitzer with a great trade of strength or lastingness, as the carbonation procedure returns so easy and produces comparatively low strength development. Due to the apparent long permanent nature of hydraulic calcium hydroxide based howitzers, in recent old ages some specifiers have once more been qualifying them, unaware of the manner in which they were produced originally, and in the belief that similar stuffs are readily available today. It is non the instance that hydraulic calcium hydroxides are readily available in the UK today as merely one little works in Dorset produces commercial measures. Some hydraulic calcium hydroxides are imported from Italy and France but whilst these may be echt, a figure are formulated utilizing mixtures of Portland cement, calcium hydroxide and air entraining agent and are therefore non hydraulic calcium hydroxides at all, but instead masonry cements. Study suggests wherever historic calcium hydroxides are referred to these are hydraulic calcium hydroxide in world and non hydrated calcium hydroxide. There are legion illustrations of lasting constructions made with mortar one such illustration of U.K. is illustration Hadrian ‘s wall still which has monolithic restored countries of original stuffs. The Tower of London, some 900 old ages old, provides farther grounds of the lastingness of masonry stuffs and historic calcium hydroxide howitzer. 1.1.6 Ash calcium hydroxide howitzer: The possible pozzolanic belongingss of ash or other stuff incorporating reactive silicon oxides have been known since Roman times. There are many misconceptions and its inappropriate specification. Early bricks were fired at low temperatures and the attendant merchandise was rather extremely reactive in the presence of free calcium hydroxide. However, modern bricks are fired at a much higher temperature and are non about every bit reactive, as earlier one. Therefore a great trade of confusion exists, related to the specification of stuffs which can give a true image of historic features and hence go forthing behind a possible beginning. Therefore, any specification for a lime howitzer to be used in concurrence with land brick dust should be critically questioned. In contrast to the state of affairs with brick dust, the usage of ash in ash calcium hydroxide howitzers has been widespread and more successful, but non to state that these mixes should truly be specified today. After industrial revolution widespread handiness of furnace ashes, ash calcium hydroxide or black ash howitzers are used by common adult male. These stuffs are frequently criticized today, chiefly because of their drosss, taking to lastingness jobs. There is grounds of usage of these stuffs in pit work built around the beginning and center of the 20th century caused corrosion of the wall ties, but it is ill-defined whether or non many of these ties would hold corroded in any event regardless of the type of howitzer used. Many constructions exist today besides where old ash calcium hydroxide howitzers are still lasting. Ash lime howitzers were still used good into the center of the 20th century in those parts of the state where ash was widely available. 1.1.7 Cement: calcium hydroxide: sand howitzers: Development of â€Å" modern † Portland cements, the potency for masonry building. This is attributable rapid rate which enabled building work. The early limes antecedently used produced acceptable working belongingss for the Masons. The rate of strength addition was low, particularly in cold conditions conditions. This meant that even a high quality calcium hydroxide, with a good ultimate strength, could turn out really debatable for winter use. Indeed it is likely that the bulk of masonry building proceed small during the winter months. The handiness of the new Portland cements changed this state of affairs and enabledConstruction to transport on throughout the twelvemonth, with the obvious exclusion of periods of really terrible winter conditions with heavy precipitations or stop deading temperatures. However, a job arose with these new stuffs. With the calcium hydroxides, which they antecedently worked with, mix proportions of between one portion binder to two or two and a half parts sand ( 1:2 and 1:2 ) were used by the Masons. These mix proportions produced a mix with acceptable working belongingss. The usage of such high binder contents with cements resulted in a howitzer was excessively strong for the units for which it was being applied. Use of these stuffs for reconstructing the earlier work suffered from some short comings.Solution to this job was to utilize both calcium hydroxide and cement as a binder, with the calcium hydroxide and cement together organizing the proportions of one portion of binder to two and a half or three of sand.Today, howitzers are widely used in most continents, preponderantly in Europe, North America, Australasia and Asia. 1.1.8 Masonry cement howitzers: Use of Masonry cement howitzer in a cement plant is an alternate construct of blending together cement and calcium hydroxide on site or to obtain a blend of the belongingss of howitzer which is neither excessively strong nor excessively weak. Recent research work has shown that limestone may besides supply an enhanced strength development in the medium and long term because of a slow continuance of the cement hydration/strength development procedure. In United Kingdom masonry cement is utilized as mixtures of Portland cement and crushed rock, wherever in North America, the tradition has been to utilize mixtures of Portland cement and hydrated calcium hydroxide, together with air entrainment. This construct has late been adopted by one of the UK cement plant and has now been incorporated into the Code of Practice BS 5628. 1.2. Coal: Coal occupies an of import place in the Indian energy sector since India has huge militias of thermic class coal. Coal is the most abundant and widely dispersed dodo energy resource in the universe. Among the entire power generated yearly in India, approximately 70 % is produced by thermic power workss. The bulk of thermic power workss ( about 84 % ) are running on coal with 70 billion dozenss of coal modesty, while the staying 13 % tally on gas and 3 % on oil. About 112 million dozenss of fly ash is generated yearly in India by thermic power workss as a byproduct of coal burning. Fly ash is a burnt and powdery derived function of inorganic mineral affair that generates during the burning of powdered coal in the thermic power works. The burned ash of the coal contains largely silica, alumina, Ca and Fe as the major chemical components. Depending on the combustion temperature of coal, the mineral stages in crystalline to non-crystalline constructions such as vitreous silica ( SiO2 ) , mullite ( 3Al2O3.2H2O ) , hematite ( Fe2O3 ) , magnetite ( Fe3O4 ) , wustite ( FeO ) , metallic Fe, orthoclase ( K2O Al2O3.6SiO2 ) and fused silicates normally occur in the burned coal ash. Silica and alumina history for approximately 75 to 95 % in the ash. The categorization of thermic works fly ash is considered based on reactive Ca oxide content as class-F ( less than 10 % ) and class-C ( more than 10 % ) . Fly ash quality depends on coal type, coal atom choiceness, per centum of ash in coal, burning technique, air/fuel ratio, and boiler type. Indian fly ash belongs to class-F. The Ca bearing silicon oxide and silicate minerals of ash occur either in crystalline or non-crystalline constructions and are hydraulic in nature ; they easy reacts with H2O or hydrated lime and develops pozzolanic belongings. But the crystalline mineral stages of vitreous silica and mullite nowadays in the ash are stable constructions of silicon oxide and silicates, and are non-hydraulic in n ature. Normally the fly ash contains these two mineral stages as the major components. Therefore, the use of fly ash in building industry as sums or replacing of cement mostly depends on the mineral construction and pozzolanic belongings. Fly ash is loosely an aluminium-silicate type of mineral rich in aluminum oxide and silicon oxide. 1.2.1.Worldwide Scenario of fly ash Use: Indian coals have really high ash content. The fly ash content of coal used by thermic power workss in India varies between 25 and 45 % . A big sum of fly ash is generated by thermic power workss, doing several disposal related jobs. In malice of enterprises taken by the authorities, several non-governmental and research and development organisations for fly ash use, the degree of fly ash use in the state was estimated to be less than 10 % anterior to 1996-97.On the Global degree, less than 25 % of the entire one-year fly ash produced is utilised. However, in many states like Germany, Belgium and Netherlands more than 95 % of the entire fly ash produced was reportedly used during 1996. Likewise United Kingdom 50 % fly ash was utilized during 1998, whereas the use by the China during 1995 was about 32 % and 40 % , severally. European states are taking in use of fly ash. In Canada a batch of research work has been done in the country of high volume fly ash concrete and they are efficaciously utilizing fly ash since last two decennaries. Japan is besides front smuggler in use of fly ash in Asia. The use of fly ash by twelvemonth stoping 2001-2002 is given below: Germany & A ; Netherlands: 100 % Belgique: 90 % Japan: 67 % India: 13 % 1.2.2. Leaching Behaviour of fly ash: In India, surveies have been carried out toward direction of fly ash disposal and use. Fly ash is utilized in cement and building. But, the rate of production is greater than ingestion. The fresh fly ash is disposed into keeping pools, lagunas, landfills and slagheaps. Disposal of immense sums of fly ash in landfills, and surface impoundings or its reuse in building stuffs is of environmental concern. LeachingA is the motion of contaminations, such as water-soluble pesticides or fertilisers, carried by H2O downward through permeable dirts. Most pesticides adsorb to dirty atoms ( particularly clay ) become immobile and do non leach. The destiny of nomadic pesticides, nevertheless, can be thought of as a race between the assorted debasement procedures and leaching to groundwater. During conveyance, disposal, and storage stages, fly ash is subjected to leaching and portion of the unwanted constituents in the ashes may foul both land and surface Waterss. Fly ash can be leached in higher concentrations than imbibing H2O criterions and can do taint in imbibing H2O beginnings. Fly ash contains trace sums of toxic metals that may hold negative effects on human wellness and on workss. Disposal of fly ash in surface H2O beginnings disrupts aquatic life, whereas toxic metals leached contaminate belowground H2O resources. Therefore, it is of import to analyze the leaching behavior of fly ash. In India, so far non much accent has been given to utilize coal ash as backfill stuff in underground/ unfastened dramatis personae mines and to foretell its subsequent consequence on land H2O quality. One of the chief jobs in disposing of large measures of coal ash is the possible leaching of different pollutants. A thorough probe sing leaching of trace/heavy metals from different fly ashes is required to cognize the impact of leached hint metals from fly ash to land H2O every bit good as surface H2O. In the present survey, short term and long term leaching survey has been carried out on fly ash from Panipat Thermal Power works, Haryana. An effort has been taken to analyze the leaching behaviour of fly ash as per the internationally recognized process laid down inCEN/TS 14405. 1.3. Objective of Work: The chief aim of the present research work is twofold. The first 1 is to utilize the fly ash as cost effectual replacement of dearly-won building stuffs and 2nd 1 is to happen out the optimal workability and public presentation of howitzer mix with fly ash in inauspicious commixture and hardening conditions. A typical research programme formulated for the survey is shown in Table 1 & A ; 2. In the capital metropolis of Delhi, the sanctum River Yamuna is the chief beginning of H2O. The usage of natural Yamuna H2O for building proposes is how far good and, if non, how much impact it put on the overall public presentation of howitzer regular hexahedrons in the similar commixture and bring arounding status with that of the normal DJB H2O supplied for imbibing intents has been attempted for comparing. In add-on to the above, leaching column survey on fly ash collected from NTPC, Panipat has besides been performed for appraisal of likely leaching of hint elements as per standard process laid down in European Standard CEN/TS 14405.Table 1.1: Research on howitzer mixes utilizing Yamuna H2O with different concentration of MgSO4 for blending and DJBW & A ; YW with different concentration of MgSO4 for bring arounding of howitzer regular hexahedrons.Mortar mixes utilizing different concentration of MgSO4 in Yamuna H2OYamuna H2O4 % MgSO48 % MgSO412 % MgSO416 % MgSO4Water quality for hardening of howitzer regular hexahedronsNormal DJB H2OYamuna H2O4 % MgSO4DJB Water8 % MgSO4 DJB Water12 % MgSO4 DJB WaterDetailed periodic surveies for physical, chemical and mineralogical surveies of H2O and concrete7 yearss7 yearss7 yearss7 yearss7 yearss28 yearss28 yearss28 yearss28 yearss28 yearss56 yearss56 yearss56 yearss56 yearss56 yearss90 yearss90 yearss90 yearss90 yearss90 yearss365 yearss365 yearss365 yearss365 yearss365 yearssTable 1.2: Research on howitzer mixes utilizing 35 % Yamuna H2O with different concentration of MgSO4 for blending and DJBW & A ; YW with different concentration of MgSO4 for bring arounding of howitzer regular hexahedrons.Mortar mixes utilizing 35 % fly ash with different concentration of MgSO4 in Yamuna H2ODJB H2O4 % MgSO48 % MgSO412 % MgSO416 % MgSO4Water quality for hardening of howitzer regular hexahedronsNormal DJB H2ONormal Yamuna H2O4 % MgSO4DJB Water8 % MgSO4 DJB Water12 % MgSO4 DJB WaterDetailed periodic surveies for physical, chemical a nd mineralogical surveies of H2O and concrete7 yearss7 yearss7 yearss7 yearss7 yearss28 yearss28 yearss28 yearss28 yearss28 yearss56 yearss56 yearss56 yearss56 yearss56 yearss90 yearss90 yearss90 yearss90 yearss90 yearss365 yearss365 yearss365 yearss365 yearss365 yearssDue to the increasing demand of energy, the rate of production of fly ash is besides increasing. The use of fly ash in cement or building industry is non in synchronism with the immense sum of its production. The safe disposal of fly ash is a topic of concern as fly ash poses risky jobs to the environment in many ways.The fresh fly ash is disposed into keeping pools, lagunas, landfills and scoria tonss. Fly ash can pollute the surface H2O, dirt and besides the land H2O due to the leaching of unwanted constituents. Fly ash can be leached in higher concentrations than the prescribed bounds of codifications for imbibing H2O criterions and can do taint in imbibing H2O beginnings. Fly ash contains trace sums of toxic metal s that may hold negative effects on human wellness and on workss. Disposal of fly ash in surface H2O beginnings disrupts aquatic life, whereas toxic metals leached contaminate belowground H2O resources. Therefore, it is of import to analyze the leaching behavior of fly ash. 1.4. Organization of Work: Chapter-1 includes debut of fly ash and Mortar, Classification of Mortar, worldwide scenario of concrete and wing ash use for environmental friendly constructive fabrication and aim of present work how we better usage with fly ash so that it can assist us in civil technology and besides better the quality of environment. Chapter-2 Literature reappraisal related to concrete and wing ash with accent on usage of fly ashas a replacing stuff of cement and effects of alteration in physical and chemical conditions on public presentation of concrete and howitzer. Chapter-3 Material and methods includes analysis of fly ash and OPC and H2O quality analysis in conformity with national and international codifications commissariats and casting of regular hexahedrons. Chapter-4 Collection and calculation of informations and treatment on trial consequences. Chapter-5 Conclusion includes the result of whole experiments and suggestions based on result for farther survey.

Function of Public Relation

Functions of Public Relation It has been reported that Public Relations or PR is the art of managing communication between an organization and its key publics to build, manage and sustain a positive image (â€Å"†, 2006), and is an important function in the desire of any business organization or company to establish its reputation and brand image to its target market. For this reason, it is essential to determine the several functions of public relations, categorized as organizational and societal. This paper seeks to discuss the organizational and societal functions of public relation. In addition, it also seeks to explain the differences and similarities that exist between the two functions. Organizational Functions of Public Relations Organizational functions of public relations are activities that interact with or affect organizations, and these include functions, such as communications management, media, government affairs, publicity, investor relations, community relations, consumer relations, and employee relations (â€Å"†, 2006). These functions involve processes or actions that unite the different teams or functions within the business organization or company. The company can use them these functions to distribute or dissipate useful information to the employees of the company, to stakeholders and to other organizations involved in the company. The organizational functions can be used for fostering an effective and efficient workforce, to increase the productivity of the company, and to establish its reputation in the market. One of its important functions is employee relations or human resource management. Human Resource Management is concerned with all the activities that contribute to successfully attracting, developing, motivating, planning systematic approaches, and maintaining a high-performing workforce that result in organizational success (, 2002). In addition, it gives an increasing emphasis on the personal needs of the organization and its members, where the challenge is to create an organizational environment in which each employee can grow and develop to his or her fullest extent, and it aims at developing strategies for the total organization focused on clarifying an organization’s current and potential problems and developing solutions for them (, 2002). Another important function is managing customer relations or customer service. This strategy is used by business organizations or companies to learn more about the needs and behaviors of customers to develop stronger relationships with them. Managing customer relations is essential for companies for they need to value its customers based on the total value of their relationship with the company, the potential value of their relationship, the profitability of their relationship, the insights they can provide the company, and the influence that they exercise over other customers (, 2000). With proper management of customer relations, the company and its customers will be able to create a good relationship and benefit from one another. Both the employee and customer relations are functions of the organizational function of public relations because both functions are processes that involve distributing useful information. Employee relations are responsible in dissipating useful information within the company, while customer relations is responsible for giving out information regarding the company and the company’s products and services. In addition, both functions are essential in the company’s aim to sustain and maintain their operation, and with these processes, the whole organization will be able to continue to produce products or render services, both internally and externally. Societal Functions of Public Relations In contrast to the organizational function of public relations, societal functions of public relations have to do with actions that connect to the public, and these functions include marketing communications, consumer relations, public affairs, and issues management plus social responsibility (â€Å"†, 2006). These are mainly external functions, for these involve the processes that would enable the company or the business organization to relate to the public properly. Without the external or societal functions of public relations, companies will not be able to have the chance to communicate with their consumers or clients. Effective communication includes giving out information regarding the company’s products or rendered services and receiving feedbacks from the consumers. One of the important functions of public relations’ societal functions is marketing communications. It has been reported that marketing communication consists of the messages and related media used to communicate with a market (â€Å"†, 2006), and this includes disciplines such as advertising, sales promotion, marketing public relations, personal selling, direct marketing, sponsorship, and Internet communications (â€Å"†, 2006). The use of marketing communications is important because through its use, companies or business organizations will be able to effectively and efficiently distribute information to their customers, and with the use of the various promotional disciplines mentioned, companies will be able to generate ideas, use their creativity and encourage effective communication and relationship with their customers. Another important function of the societal functions of public relations is social responsibility, for this element encompasses its entire function. At present, companies relate effectively with their consumers using many forms of media. With this, they have the social responsibility of distributing and informing their customers of useful and relevant information regarding their products and services. Moreover, companies have the social responsibility of setting a good example to other companies, through being true to their words and to their actions, by using available forms and means of media and communication. With the use of effective public relations and dissipation of proper information, companies will be able to communicate effectively with their consumers, in line with their desire to establish their reputation in the market and in the industry. Both marketing communications and social responsibility are functions of public relations’ societal functions because both elements are external means of distributing information and data to the consumers of the company. Both are also responsible with the main aim of public relations, which is to build and manage information and the reputation of the company to the public. Differences and Similarities Both the organizational and societal functions of public relations are involved in conveying messages and encouraging communication of a business organization, internally and externally. Both functions serve as good means of developing communications and gathering data, and both use different forms of media for better creativity and convenience. The scope of organizational functions of public relations involves actions concerning the company, while societal functions are interested in activities regarding the society (â€Å"†, 2006). The organizational functions of public relations are involved in internal development of communication, while societal functions are involved in dissipating useful information towards consumers. From the functions discussed above, it can be deduced that it is crucial for any business organization or company to use both the organizational and societal functions of public relations. With its use, companies will be able to encourage effective communication and distribute information to their employees and to their consumers. Using these functions, companies will be able to efficiently establish its reputation to the market and to the industry, and also establish its brand image and brand identity to its consumers. Professionally speaking, public relations means the activities that management undertakes to evaluate and measure the attitudes, opinions, and sentiments of the public toward your organization. A public relations plan will be an integral part of who determines policies, processes, and procedures with regard to public interest that your organization will follow and implement. In conventional marketing public relations is employed to influence customers and their buying habits. Public relations is also part of a comprehensive marketing communications amalgam which also includes advertising, sales promotion, and direct sales. The effective use and practice of public relations theory which results in the organization being viewed in the general publics’ eyes as a responsible and ethical company that is concerned about the welfare of its customers will soon manifest itself in the organization’s bottom line. What Are The Functions of Public Relations? Community Relations. Any organization must be seen as a good community citizen and should have the goodwill of the community in which it operates. An effective community relations program will need to be continuing and comprehensive. Organizations can implement various programs to improve community relations on a regular or even ongoing basis. So, clearly, one of the major functions of public relations is to bridge the business/community gap. When organizations support activities and programs that improve quality of life in their communities their image and reputation will be enhanced. Employee Relations. Maybe the most important resource that a company has are its employees and the customer service they provide. The functions of public relations in regards to the company’s employees is the maintenance of employee goodwill. The image and reputation of a company among its employees is also another responsibility of public relations in its function of employee relations. Product Public Relations. When new products are introduced to the market the role that public relations plays is crucial for creating awareness and differentiating the product in the public’s eyes from other similar products. When existing products need a push public relations is often called on the improve product visibility. Sometimes there are changes instituted in existing products and public relations has to focus the attention of consumers on the product. If a product needs to be positioned in the market a properly executed public relations campaign, much like an effective viral marketing campaign, it can overcome buyer inertia and remove negative perceptions on the part of the public. Financial Relations. This function involves communication with the wide variety of individuals and groups that the company deals with in the course of its operations. This includes the stockholders and investors but is not limited to them. Financial analysts and potential investors have to be informed about the company’s finances. A well planned and executed financial relations campaign can increase the value of the company’s stock because of improved image and reputation. This improved image can also make it easier to gather additional capital. And if you are seeking free money for your small business, your pr will put you in a better position to be seen in a good light, by the people that write the checks. Political and Government Relations. The wide range of activities that public relations has to cover in the political arena includes influencing legislation that can be hindrances to the proper operation of the company. Public relations in politics may have to stage debates and seminars for government officials. So one of the functions of public relations can actually be to not only change the way your community works, but your state, and even your nation. Crisis Communications. When anything untoward happens like an accident in a production plant it is the job of public relations to provide honest and accurate information so that the uncertainty by the people involved directly or indirectly can be assuaged. Natural disasters, management wrongdoings, bankruptcies and product failures are crises which public relations must play a large part. We all want justice, and the truth to come out. That is why it is nice to know that one of the functions of public relations – crisi communication – makes this happen. 1. ) OBJECTIVES OF PUBLIC RELATION 1)To promote mutual understanding. 2)To persuade individuals, groups etc. 3)Help in fund raising. 4)Change the behavior and attitude of the public. 5) Influence people. 6)To win friends. 7) Avoid risk involved in misunderstanding. 8) Prepare and supply the public with information about the organization like price, quality, export, employment and other special features. 10) Provide infor mation about the activities of the company, to the press and writers. 11) Liaise, counsel and advise. 12) Improve internal staff relations. 3) Help the public to love life and work for better or for worse without conditions. 14) Undertake a public relation education programme. 15) Forestall attack by the competitors or opponents. 16) Create and maintain image and reputation of the company. 17) Promote goodwill. 18) Correct misconceptions and clarify on criticisms of its policies and practices. 19) Establish relations with the federal and state legislators, agencies. 20) Undertake a campaign of public education about an industry or profession and its contribution to the public. 1) Communicate with the employees on their benefits, accident prevention, labor relations and collective bargaining. 22) Establish press relations, publicity articles preparation, press release, photographs. 23) Undertake programmes like sales training courses for retailers, whole sellers. 23) Undertake progra mmes like sales training courses for retailers, wholesalers. 24) Sponsor dealer and distributor relations schemes. 25) Ascertain public opinion, conduct opinion research and understand public attitudes on the organization, profession and practice.

Spanglish Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Spanglish - Essay Example A striking example is the Spanglish translation of Don Quixote: "In un placete de La Mancha of which nombre no quiero remembrearme, viva, not so long ago, uno de esos gentlemen who always tienen una lanza in the rack, una buckler antigua, a skinny caballo y un grayhound para el chase" (translation of Iln Stavans, "Don Quixote de la Mancha de Miguel de Cervantes", El Heart en la Palabra, http://www.cuadernoscervantes.com). Spanglish is not a language because it has no grammar or vocabulary rules, it is a random language. This will only lead to the bad use and the degradation of both languages. Moreover, countries influenced by English and Spanish have the big advantage of being bilingual, and it makes no sense renouncing to this. Mexicans usually see Spanish as a symbol of colonization. But, does Spanglish have something to do with rejecting domination, or is it more like a trendy use of language In some cases, Spanglish is the language of poor illiterate population trying to adapt their selves to the changing situation.

Discuss the role of the nurse in the decision-making process when Essay

Discuss the role of the nurse in the decision-making process when caring for patients with complex needs - Essay Example The needs of the patient shall be outlined below. The physical endurance of patients with congestive heart failure is lower as compared to normal patients. Consequently, their emotional and physiological concerns cause major changes in the quality of their lives. These patients often perceive the quality of their lives based on their health status and limitations in self-care. They also see programs which focus on patient education and disease management as programs which can help improve the quality of their life and decrease hospital readmission rates (Chelho, et.al., 2005, p. 1). Congestive heart failure is a disease which reduces the patients’ ability to care for themselves mostly because of weakness caused by their weaker cardiac and respiratory systems (Hosenpud and Greenburg, 2007, p. 3). It afflicts many patients past the age of 70 and most of them are often readmitted to hospitals because of poor disease management (Hosenpud and Greenburg, 2007, p. 4). ... 111). There are various models which focus on different aspects of the patient’s health. For this patient, Lydia Hall’s Care, Cure, and Core Model shall be used as an assessment and care model. Lydia Hall’s model specifies that patients have basically three needs – the physical, the medical, and the social needs (McCoy, 2011). By fulfilling these needs, chronically ill patients can be adequately cared for. This model can be used in order to assist with patient education, management of maintenance medications, and delivery of physical and emotional support. Through medication management and provision of social support, patient hospitalization can be reduced; the patient’s ability to self-manage his disease can be ensured; exacerbations can be prevented; and hospital readmissions can be reduced (Quaglietti, et.al., 2000, p. 259). Lydia Hall’s model provides a framework for open communication between patients and nurses and it has three interrel ated elements which refer to medical and clinical management of patients. The care circle of the Hall’s model emphasizes on the intimate care provided by the nurses to the patients – in terms of assistance during bathing, dressing, and in the conduct of their daily activities (Tuohy and Birnbach, 2001, p. 135). In caring for the CHF and the breast cancer patients, the care model of Hall’s framework refers to the hands-on care provided by the nurses to the patients. This care includes the process of providing a relaxing environment for the patients, especially one which encourages open communication and trust between nurses and patients. Through open communication, the patients

Law Enforcement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law Enforcement - Essay Example There were no payments or training done to these â€Å"drafted† officers. Under these circumstances, the system lacked motivation and eventually lost focus towards administering the very important duty enforcing the law. As a result, policing became more of a reactive event. As the momentum of industrialisation and urbanization increased, new challenges with increased crime forced a radical shift in community policing, thus the beginning of struggles to professionalize the police force with more proactive measures to law enforcement. The 1800’s witnessed the adoption of new technologies with better response times and faster communications. At the dawn of the 20th century, law enforcement had attached within its system more advanced methodological dynamics that incorporated the cooperation of the police agencies with the communities that characterize more of a service attitude never experienced at the beginning. Indeed, police agencies in the United States have evolved to become a highly organized group that strives not only to prevent crime but also serves to preserve citizen’s rights and adhere at all times to maintain professionalism. Under their colonial masters, the police system was in the hands of the sheriff, the constable and the watch. Appointed by the Governor of the colony, county sheriff was the most important law enforcement officer especially in the rural set ups that characterized many areas then. This officer was paid in terms of tasks performed. His duties included collecting taxes, apprehending criminals, appearing in court proceedings and serving subpoenas. Much of their duties concentrated in collecting taxes and so apprehending criminals oftentimes fell in the periphery. In cities, constables and night watch performed more or less the same tasks but with added responsibilities such as reporting fires and eliminating health hazards. As stated above, the activities of these officers were reactive in

Summation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summation - Essay Example The uprising, Intifada, lasted for almost 5 years and aimed at establishing a self-governing Palestine state. Secondly, another internal clash in Middle East occurred amid Iraq and Kuwait. The war was referred to as the Gulf war after being internationalized (Cleveland, 2004). Another event that Middle East experienced was the external intervention of outside countries such as US, directly involved in the regions affairs. The outside intervention resulted to consequences still felt in the modern days. The US military intervention in the region was caused by a fundamental change experienced due to alteration of international balance of supremacy because of the closing stages of Cold War (Cleveland, 2004). Iraq faced challenges from the occasional US aerial bombardment and the unstable economic sector. Moreover, the Gulf War resulted to a closer relationship amid Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. The 2 states were enforced to make a dual decision making for the pro of the future (Cleveland, 2004). The event resulted to both peace and uproar in the region, for example, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia solved their differences, and Israel and Palestine continued to fight. USA was perceived as an intruder who was concerned with her own wellbeing instead of the welfare of the region. The participation of US military in Gulf War was perceived to be biased and ended the relationship amid allies of Iraq and

Black world study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Black world study - Essay Example o heard of inspirational stories of the Black American leaders when they were facing oppression and this got me interested in studies to do with the Black World Studies. The achievements of the Black Americans were inspirational especially the story of Martin Luther King Jr and it encouraged me to undertake the Black World Studies. On the other hand, the trends in the society seem to be changing in favour of equality due to the achievements made by the Black American leaders. This made it relevant for me to study the Black world Studies in order to obtain more information about different events that took place and changed the lives of the Black Americans. I knew that I was in the right place as soon as I attended my first lesson. I felt that it was all I ever wanted to learn. I found some friends with the same interest as mine almost immediately. I did some independent research on the prospects of having a good job after the completed my studies and I found the career to be promising. Although I received some discouragement from one or two people, I decided to follow my heart and joined the university to pursue the study. I am always good at memorizing issues and I thought that this would be useful to me while pursing my studies in the Black World studies. This is because I found that the study contains a lot of theoretical information. On the other hand, it is also important to note that the studies require a lot of understanding of the issues of religion and social problems in the society. I am a religious person and the studies will also be beneficial to me on a personal level as I will gain more knowledge on the religious issues. Thi8s is considering the studies also have some aspects of religion. I felt that it will be worth spending my time and resources in future dealing with the issues of the Black World Studies. Therefore, the studies will enable me to obtain accurate information about the Black World as diverse opinion exists. My Religious leader

DISCUSS the three main problems faced by your country today. SUGGEST Coursework

DISCUSS the three main problems faced by your country today. SUGGEST and EVALUATE possible solutions - Coursework Example One of the reasons of high rise in crime rates is unemployment. Due to the current major global economic crisis, many locals have been left unemployed and many immigrants have been sent back to their home lands, while many have stayed back. Unemployment rate definitely goes high when the economy is unstable, resulting in no jobs and no money. Due to such conditions, out of frustration, people end up committing such crimes and thefts. Inflation is another major cause for the increasing crime rate. Inflation in Malaysia is now reaching peaks. Petrol prices are rising daily and so are prices of household items. This makes many Malaysian citizens suffer because their salaries cannot compensate their living expenses (Hock & Kesavapany 2006). The best way of fighting street crime is by being alert of personal safety practices and precautions. Be conscious of a probable problem before it occurs is important. Remove the opportunities for the criminal to target you. Be alert of the atmosphere you are in at all times, stay away from strange areas and gloomy lanes. If you sense fearfulness in the surroundings, as you can go elsewhere as soon. Be attentive where there is heavy traffic or in a crowd, particularly in tourist vicinities. Try not to carry any personal items with you but if necessary do keep them but out of sight, especially when having a snack, do not leave your valuables like your cell phone, wallet or bag on the table or chair even if you think your attention is on it. In all crowded areas watch your handbag, wallet, camera, ornaments, watch, etc. Whilst driving, constantly keep the doors locked and never leave your personal belongings unattended when you get off the car. Purse snatching is a thievery that occur s at every single hour and usually amidst a large set of observers, even in high-end neighborhoods.  Women on foot with kids are the most frequent targets.  Victims

Gambia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gambia - Essay Example ns is directed towards a combination of conflicting factors: while he is firm in his stance on the need to provide healthcare to all that need it, including women who could not afford healthcare services, he also believes that national restraint is important. The minister repudiates the idea of bailing out private facilities making the situation a relatively complicated case at face value. On top of all of this, aside from voters, most of the hospitals that receive referrals of trauma status cases are private entities. There is also an issue that is cropping up that large private medical centers are trying to prevent the possibility of not being paid by the national government because of new healthcare policies, choosing to convert their healthcare service organization into a private payer only. In a nutshell, the problem is that more pregnant women who any time from now may need healthcare service. Some of these women rely on healthcare insurance to be able to afford or receive serv ices; however, there are also those who have no healthcare insurances at all. There is a greater complexity in the situation in that the examination and treatment for emergency medical conditions and women in labor in Gambia aspires that regardless of the capacity to pay, every patient should be served or provided with emergency health care service by any medical center involved. 1. Emergency services for women labor can be subsidized by state funds. However, this does not guarantee that there will be no excess in medical costs. This subsidy is expected to be just under the radar considering that values and expenditures should be minimized. Hence, women belonging to the poverty line, or those who could not afford to enroll in any healthcare insurance, should enroll in a low-cost, comprehensive healthcare insurance that is available through public healthcare insurances provided that they are 21 years old and below. For pregnant women who have special conditions such as diabetes or

Love, Fear, Sexuality and Society Essay Example for Free

Love, Fear, Sexuality and Society Essay The dawn of the 16th century, brought with it the evolution of great knowledge, an era of enlightenment, with not only the new growing social lifestyle of people but also the evolution in their thinking. The idea of love and fear therefore was the one established and molded into a new sculpture by the revolutionist and philosophers; and how we know the right and wrong today is what was established through the writings of these intellectuals’ years ago. Founder of political sciences of the 15th century, Niccolo di Bernardo dei Machiavelli, was an Italian born writer, philosopher, and politician; who through the strength of his pen and intellect was able to give the world a new perspective of the never dieing entity, love and hope. As a man of Renaissance, while holding a high political position, his writings are also a combination of his deep political thought and insight. He is most famous for his short novel, The Prince, which is his realistic approach towards the political discourse of that time period, exhibiting the advance towards power. â€Å"The Prince,† originally written in 1513 (however got published in 1532), is known as a political treatise, for its formal exposition of the ideology of political affairs. It is usually alluded to being called as a piece of act which represents the word â€Å"Machiavellian,† which refers to the playing politics in a ruthless way in order to retain power and position; moreover many critics have also states the story to be satire. The novel is a form of guide for a ruling or an expected prince, of how he can attain his throne, and then make sure that he remains in power and control. The idea of attaining the power is placed as crucial and primary to all, even where principality comes secondary to its approach, which he does so by dictating old examples of rulers, and making his own generalizations and hypothesizes upon them. According to Machiavelli, the first moral of ruling is to have an economically and politically stable country, and then it is upon the ruler as to how he would protect it even if the ways used by him were cruel, they remained justifiable as long as they kept her power sustained. The main purpose of the book was to explain Machiavelli’s ability and knowledge in politics, not promoting love and prosperity between powers, but rather working by conquering people’s fear and force. There are various themes discussed by the author in the book such as military and defense, which are the prerequisites of a firm state, having a fortified and well protected area, with no help being taken from allies as that would be a burden of favor, and stand brave in the battlefield. The book quite rigidity states that attributes such as mercy, religiousness, and principality, are good virtues too possess, but are not for a prince to adapt, as he at times has to work against them in order to defend his land. Also that a prince is better at being known as a miser than as a generous ruler, as it would weaken his economic status as well as bring grief upon people with larger taxes, thus having a bad reputation would be better than rather ending up with nothing. In answering to the idea of love and fear Machiavelli states that â€Å"it would be best to be both loved and feared. But since the two rarely come together, anyone compelled to choose will find greater security in being feared than in being loved. † (Machiavelli, Chapter 17, pp 60) He believes that commitments made under fear, are always kept firm; while a prince should also be careful that he is not feared to the point of hatred. Creating fear within the commandment of an army is necessary in order to gain their respect, and it should be brought upon the garrison even if the prince has to turn towards cruelty. Through the book the author emphasizes the fact that the only power which kept a prince from winning over his land and also his people is actually his ability to rule, rather than his fortune. He dictates the examples of Hannibal and Scipio Africanus; Hannibal who maintained a strong fear throughout his army, which consisted of soldiers of various races, and it was this fear of his which kept the army sturdy and united through out his reign; while Scipio, no matter had great abilities but is famous for the mutinies and trouble he had to face from the side of his own army. Virtue for Machiavelli did not carry a moral tone but it was rather based upon skill, courage, physical and mental capacity. However, in chapter of 8 of his book, the author mentions that no matter cruelty is important for governance but it should be properly utilized to attain a goal, but if it is made repetitive and arouses constant fear amongst the citizens then the prince does not contain any ability. It is not necessary for him to be loved, but he should be close enough to his people that he is not even hated, and thus requires both wisdom and courage; and above that the peripheral point should be established by which the prince is feared but not hated. And who could understand the complexities and the queries of life in a more powerful than the searcher of the nature, Plato, one of the greatest Greek philosophers. Born in 427 BC in Athens, Plato was the student of Socrates, and had his theories as an explanation and an elaboration of those presented by his master. Most of his writings are found in the form of a dialogue between him and Socrates, discussing numerous fascinating topics. Gorgias, is one of the most famous dialogues written by Plato, in which he defines a man’s virtuously right and proper nature. (Plato, 1994) It is believed to be a transitional dialogue, in which Plato represents Socrates teachings towards him in an indirect manner. This dialogue is seen to be carried out between Socrates, Gorgias and Callicles who are both rhetoricians, Pollus and Chaerephon who are both philosophy students; and the dialogue begins from Socrates side to prove the rhetoricians for being only people of sheer words. This dialogue is famous for the themes which it carries such as that of morality, philosophy and spirituality; forms into a debate between truth and falsehood. Socrates in his dialogue proving refutation explains that it is worse to inflict evil upon somebody rather than being an innocent victim of it and the most, unhappy man of the world would be the one who doesn’t meet his just punishment. While the best cure for an evil man would be when he meets his justice; paying for his sins. He believes that a wrong doer should be left on his own, his body to rot in the pain of his own guilt; and only with time when he realizes his guilt would his sins be forgiven and he move towards becoming a better and stronger person; no matter the rhetoricians disagree with his thought, as they believe that such treatment would be doing more evil than benefiting for good. Socrates ends the dialogue by explaining that on the Day of Judgment, man would be scrutinized and judged naked so that there are no hindrances for what he truly is. He believes that the evil doer’s body would be brandished by their sins, and they would be identifiable. According to Socrates, in the dialogue a mans virtue should be his ultimate goal, which should be based upon principles, and truth; while those who tend to love their own self alone and indulge in self pampering, are the selfish ones, as their self gratification would never cease but would only continue to get bigger with hunger of power and indulgence. Creating fear and causing pain to others is the greatest evil, as identified by Plato; and becomes the most significant theme of most of Plato’s writings because of the unjust and evil death of his teacher Socrates; which destroyed his vision of the truth and its enhancement in nature. The dialogue however, concludes by declaring virtue as the â€Å"good life,† which can only be attained via the compliance of principles and correct behavioral methods. Both the books â€Å"Prince† and â€Å"Gorgias,† believe in the achievement of power, not only to gain a greater control but also to satisfy and pamper one’s own self; and agree to the fact that once in power. An individual might stray from principality and truth for long term benefits seen at a larger scale; but should refrain from evil as it would create hatred as well as lead to god’s in the life of Hereafter. However when Machiavelli describes the attainment of power as man’s vital goal, Plato believes into its attainment but to a certain level alone could one sacrifice his principles to achieve it; after which he would be nothing but an evil dweller, increasing his part of sins. Both the writings show the difference between the thought of a politician, who take s the world in more of a materialistic manner, and that of a philosopher who takes a deeper look into things and does not talk about an individual alone or his unitary life; but talks about all the third parties affected by his actions and his spiritual life which would also be affected by his balance of truth and falsehood. Compare and describe the relationship between sexuality and society in the authors read so far. Writers since centuries have talked about how sexuality and society work together, complimenting each other, which evolve gradually with the society giving more leverage and promotion at an open arena to sexuality, as it grows wider and is able to compensate more liberal point of views openly. â€Å"Don Juan,† is a classic story which has been told and retold since centuries; its legendary tale being changed and evolved with the evolution of time, it has seen changes according to the prevailing circumstances and the notions of the writers who dwelled with its story line. Don Juan, as announced by the Spanish or Don Giovanni as told by the Italians, is the tale of a social libertine, an individual who has given of all the norms and rights of the society, such a person who does not believe into the limits of religion or morality. The legend of Don Juan talks about such a person who indulges himself into the pleasure of seducing women and enjoys winning over them. One day, Don Juan meets the dead spirit of the father of a girl he has seduced; casually and not knowing it he invites him to his house for dinner. In return to this compliment, the father invites Don Juan to his graveyard for dinner, when he accepts the invitation and extends his hand to the spirit, pulls him into the grave and takes him into the bottomless pit of hell, where he is to burn in the redemption for his unforgivable sins. The oldest version of Don Juan to be placed in writing is believed to be written by Tirso de Molina, by the name El burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra. Later a revised edition was written by Moliere, in 1665; who was also made to make continous ammendments by the critics, who took as a largely shameful act; and was not until 1185, that the orignal play was allowed to be acted without censorships. However, the society at that time failed to accept the play, as they found it too liberal and outspoken, which broke the barriers of religion and offended the prestiege of the king. Thus it laid down as least cost effective, and as the protagonist himself is portrayed as a catholic, thsu it further offends the teaches of the church by portraying them as hypocrates and evil doers. On the other hand, the representation of Don Juan in that era represents how sexulaity was missed used even in those times, but hardly any writteen record is seen because of the fact that the rulers didn’t want any such tales to be spoken of openly; theey were then brought under the case of adultery. Don Juan, also is the symbol of evil, a womanizer who cannot attain his forgiveness, he has sined so much in his life that even his good deeds are shadowed by his hypocrite nature. Every action of his holds insincerity and cannot be forgiven, and when eventually it is symbolised that he has been taken into the hell, it shows that the world did not contain any less painful avenge for him; and his death brought peace to all the woman who had suffered because of his flimsy character. Therefore by the story of Don Juan, conceived in the early 17th century, it can be seen that sexuality was miss used even in that time period but the society perferred to keeep it hidden and secretive, burrying such evil facts and tales which spoke against the religious and moral norms of the ruling powers. Evil of the society was thus only a hushed talk in those times. â€Å"The Prince,† a guide for the rulers of the world written by a government official of Florence, Italy, Niccolo Machiavelli, in the 16th Century; helps us know today of how gravely was the impact of politics and the attainment of power and prestige in the lives of people of that era. As the book states different tips and ways in which a prince could govern his kingdom in thee most efficient way winning both his commandment upon army and his position. Machiavelli also believed that gaining love from his people was not the most important part of ruling; a prince could never be too generous and lenient with his folk; however it was of vital importance that he managed his fear upon them so that he would respect him and treats him with the power and gratitude that he deserves. A ruler was not always successful through his inheritance or his economic strength; but he was turned into a symbol of esteem through his ability; which not only shined in his character but also was represented by the society which he ruled. Thus the prince held great responsibility for his own self and the lives of all those, whose protection was sworn onto him. To take even a deeper analysis into the lives of the people of the 16th century, we might take a look into the analysis of the book â€Å"Leviathan,† written by Thomas Hobbes in 1660. After looking through the time via the perspectives of a story teller, and then a politician, we take into the account of the era through the notions formed by a political philosopher; this book did not only establish a political thought in the minds of thee people but was also significant enough in influencing and establishing the entire Western political philosophy and laying down the perspective for the social contract theory. The book was first written by Hobbes at the time of the English Civil War, where he saw chaos and trouble through out the society. In such times Hobbes believed that the only thing which could keep the community together would be a strong unified governing system which would act as a central body in decision making, keeping away the evils of chaos and civil misbehavior. The theory represented by Hobbes believes that if man is left without a government to live in a free market, operated by no restrictions, then he lives the life of nature, whereby everything is free for anybody, which in the long run would lead to war, poverty, frustration and hatred. To prevent this, a social contract needs to be established which would establish a civil society, and distribute the scarce resources in a much more efficient way. This is a form of a commonwealth, which would help establish a protected civil society. The book can be divided into four parts, whereas the one which represents the society and its relation to sexuality is book one, â€Å"of Man. † Chapter 6 of this book discusses the theme of the involuntary emotions which arise inside a human being, over which he holds no control, known as passions. He describes these motions of man as animal instincts, categorizing them as â€Å"vital,† and â€Å"voluntary. † Vital being those which formulate the metabolism and are innate, while the later are those which man learns with the course of his life. He by this formulates the idea that human nature is actually a by product of his metabolism. His innate motions form desires known as endeavors, which raise love and hatred in man, which then form an aversion in a human being. While some of these desires are born with man, while some re learnt so with time and experience, and it is then from these appetites and aversions that passions arise which are known to be specific to human nature, of which those which qualify to be his appetite are those things that he likes, while those which fall into his aversions formulate his hatred and are evil. Then Chapter 11 and 13 of the book describe how manners differ in human beings and how he would respond to his conditions of misery. Hobbes further here describes how power in man could be self created and that which is instrumental attained from his society. However a man may differ from another due to his different manners which come from his ability to negotiate between power and fear; and it is through this knowledge that the society can in the end attain peace; when fear originates from ignorance and a person’s lack of foreseeing the future. Hobbes then concludes this part of his book with the thesis that when a human being lives in a society without any social contract, at that time he is living in a â€Å"state of nature,† and when a society is bent into such a living then it is nothing more than just a flake of imagination having no true existence. As Thomas Hobbes states: â€Å"In such condition, there is no place for industry . . . no Culture of the Earth; no Navigation . . . no commodious Building; no instruments of moving . . . no Knowledge of the face of the Earth; no account of Time; no Arts; no Letters; no Society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; And the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. (Chapter 13) References Fort, A. ,B. and Kates, H. , S. 1935 Don Juan or The Stone Death. Minute History of the Drama. New York: Grosset Dunlap. p. 47. Retrieved on Nov 27, 2007 from. http://www. theatrehistory. com/french/donjuan001. html Hobbes, T. (1651) The Leviathan. London: Andrew Crooke. Chapter 13 Machiavelli, N. (1908). The Prince, (1513). ed. W. K. Marriott. London: J. M. Dent and Sons, Pp 60. Plato. (1994) Collected Dialogues. eds. Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

The immortality of the soul and ressurection of the body Essay Example for Free

The immortality of the soul and ressurection of the body Essay 1. Compare and contrast the immortality of the soul and the resurrection of the body. The concept of the immortality of the soul is a dualist one, meaning that the body and soul are two separate entities. Whereas resurrection of the body is the opposite believing that one cannot necessarily live without the other. People that accept the idea of immortality of the soul believe that the soul is separate from the body and that when we die the soul will live on making it immortal. Resurrection of the body however differs because the body and soul are together and when you die both will be resurrected. Plate is a dualist and he believes the soul is not of this world but another where there are perfect forms of everything on earth. He uses the allegory of to demonstrate this idea. Prisoners are bound in a cave and cannot look out the mouth of the cave. Behind them is a fire casting shadows onto the wall they are facing. They believe these shadows to be reality. One then is released and he is blinded by the real world. He sees the perfection of the world and realises his previous thoughts were wrong. When he tells the prisoners in the cave about what he has seen the do not believe him, because they have not yet experienced it. This is like our souls. They want to be realised into the higher world of perfection because they desire greater things. Renà © Descartes is also a dualist. Cartesian dualism, as his views are now known, centre around the famous statement, â€Å"I think therefore I am.† Our body is just a case for the machine and it is only because our soul is conscious that our body is alive. Gilbert Rile compares this to a â€Å"ghost in the machine†, implying that our body is just a machine and our body makes us aware. Saint Thomas Aquinas shares a similar view referring to the soul as â€Å"anima.† This means animation, believing that the soul animates the body and gives us our characteristics and personalities. Resurrection of the body is very different from immortality of the soul. With this idea the body is needed for a person to live on. This is a very Christian belief because of the Bibles reference to it. On judgement day Jesus will come and those who have lived lives according to the law of God will be resurrected in a new heaven and new Earth. The resurrection of the body is spoken about by many writers in the Bible, including St Paul. There are also examples, with the most famous being Jesus rising on the third day and Jesus bringing a girl back to life after saying she was only â€Å"sleeping.† John Hick has a slightly different variation of resurrection of the body, and postulates his â€Å"replica theory.† Hick suggests that when we die our body and soul our lost, and that God, the omnipotent being, creates an exact replica of us in heaven. This replica can be recognised by our family and friends because we are no different. 1. To what extent is one of these a more convincing concept that the other Both, immortality of the soul and resurrection of the body, have their problems. Immortality of the soul has been challenged by many empiricists such as A.J Ayer and Richard Dawkins because of their idea of a soul. Biologist Dawkins ask where this soul is, it cannot be found in the body and therefore we have no proof for its existence, and if it does not exist then it cannot be immortal implying that there is no life after death. Another problem facing the soul is when a human receives one. Aquinas suggested men get one after 40 days after conception and women after 60; however, again there is no proof for this idea. Rene Descartes also has challenges with his statement â€Å"I think therefore I am.† With some clever word swapping the idea of â€Å"I am therefore I think† was suggested by another philosopher, arguing that the only reason that you are conscious is because exist not because a soul has appeared in your body, we have evolved to think. Resurrection of the soul has some major difficulties also. There is no proof for a life after death, naturally because no one has come back and told us. Also, Despite the Bible having numerous accounts of resurrection, the Bible is not a reliable source that can be taken literally because of some of the other ideas and concepts within it. There is also the question of what happens to those who are dead and judgement day has not come, do they wait in some form of purgatory. Heaven and hell have no empirical evidence either so there is no reason to assume people are there. Hick’s replica theory is arguable the weakest of all the ideas. In his concept God recreates an exact replica of the person that died, but why, if he is God, does it need to be a replica, if he is omnipotent should he not be able to resurrect our body? This is in a way not a life after death because the original person is dead and it is not their body that has lived on. However, it is not so much a question of whether which concept is more convincing than the other, it is more does a life after death actually exist, or have we created one? Has the human race just feared the ceasing of existence, and so to try and give hope and reason to a miserable existence? Or was it created by those who wish to keep the people in order, by making them live in fear of a hell and by giving them a reward for being good, they could create a form of social control.

Theories and models of change management

Theories and models of change management Nothing in this world is at the state of constant static. Everything is changing. Likewise, organisations are also changing all the time. If we look few decades back things have changed a lot. Change neither disappears nor dissipates. It is a process which is inevitable. What is important is how we manage the change to get the best out of it. Change is the major driving force for a company to be innovative and experiment with new management styles and tools. Changes can bring fortune in the company with improved profit margins and satisfied employees provided that the changes are handled properly with appropriate management strategies, however, if the organisations fails to come across the appropriate and effective management strategies then it can affect the company badly and at worst even collapsing or bankruptcy. So, the changes that an organisation face has to be planned, organised, directed, controlled and channelled effectively. This requires a good leadership quality in the le ader whoever that might be. Leaders can be CEO, Mangers, Chairperson or Board of Directors depending on the organisation. There are many management thinkers at different times who have proposed many different theories and model regarding the nature of change management and how to manage the changes effectively for better of the organisations. The next section of this essay will look at the different management thinkers and their management theories and models and their relevance with the changing business environment and how it is crucial for an organisation to undergo changes for its prosperity and progress. One of the first and most popular theories of change management was given by Kurt Lewin (1890-1947). Lewins model is rather simple however other change management theories are based on this model. Lewins model of change is divided into three stages of unfreeze, change and freeze referring 3 stages of changes The first step in the change in the behaviour is to unfreeze the existing situation which is also called quo state which is the equilibrium state. Unfreezing of the quo state is very important to break the resistance from the change. It can be done with either increasing driving forces away from the quo state or decrease the restraining forces that negatively affects the movement away from the equilibrium or use the both method .(Stephen, 2003) The second step which is the change stage is the movement where all the changes happen. This movement can be facilitated with by persuading the employees to agree on the changes, telling them the benefits of the changes and making them sure that everybody has to work together to get the best out of the changes and show them new perspectives.(Stephen, 2003) The third step is the freezing stage which is the step after the change has been implemented. This stage of the change is required for the changes to stick over time. Sustainability is very important when new changes have been made. The new changes have to be properly institutionalised and formally accepted by all. The actual integration of the new changes takes place in this unfreeze stage. (Stephen, 2003) According to Lewin (1951) driving forces facilitate change because they push employees in the desired direction. Restraining forces hinder change because they push employees in the opposite direction. Therefore, these forces must be analyzed and Lewins three-step model can help shift the balance in the direction of the planned change. Changes are very crucial since changes makes new and improved ideas to implement into action possible. (Kanter, R. et al. 1992) After Lewins model many other writers upgraded his theory making it more effective however the fundamental aspects were still there. One of the most popular model of change management is Kotters eight step model (Kotter, 1995). According to Kotter, successful implementation of change depends on the eight steps as proposed by him. Skipping any one of the eight steps might create illusion of speeding of the process but it does not improve the effectiveness of change.(Singh,1963) His eight steps include the following steps: Create a sense of urgency: This step includes analysing the market and examining the possible risks and opportunities along with the competition in the market. (Kotter,1996) Establishing the powerful group to guide the change: This step is to create a group which is capable to handle the changes and has enough power to lead the effort. The group should be encouraged to work as a team. (Kotter,1996) Develop a vision: This stage includes creating a proper vision of change in the organisation. Apart from this the change should be highly focused and should be in rather simple form so that everyone understands and accepts. (Kotter,1996) Communicate the vision : The vision that has been proposed has to be delivered or explained to everyone. A good communication of the vision is very important. (Kotter,1996) Empower staff: The next step is empowering the staffs. This step includes removing hurdles in the change and encouraging new and unconventional ideas and ways of doing things. (Kotter,1996) Ensure there are short terms win: It is very important to keep the staffs motivated. Short term wins help the staffs to remain motivated. This also helps the support needed for the change. (Kotter,1996) Consolidate gains: Organisation should check the policies that inhibit or restrain the changes and if there are any, they should be changed. The policies that catalyse the changes should be brought in to action to speed up the change and efficiency. (Kotter,1996) Institutionalise the change in the culture of the organisation: the changes that have been made should be institutionalised or embedded in the organisation as a culture and should be linked with the performance and leadership. (Kotter,1996) The first four steps of Kotters eight model act as a defroster a hardened equilibrium. Stages five to seven is the introduction of many new changes. It resembles with the change phase in the Lewins model. The last phase grounds the changes that have been made into the business or organisation culture. The success and improvement of the organisation depends on the proper follow of the sequence. ( Kotter,1996) The next change management model is the ADKAR model proposed by Jeffery M Hait (2006). ADKAR is basically a framework to understand change in the individual level which was later used in the field of business and management. It comprises of five elements which are Awareness (of the need of change), Desire ( to support and participate in the change), Knowledge( of how to change), Ability( to implement required skills and behaviours) and Reinforcement( to sustain the change). (Hait,2006) Awareness represents the understanding of the need of the change along with the nature and the affects of not going through the change. (Haitt,2006) Desire represents the desire to participate in the change. Even though desire is much more about the personal choice, it can be created with the intrinsic environment. There are many factors that create desire in the individual about the changes. (Haitt,2006) Knowledge is the basically the trainings and information access about how to change. Knowledge is very important as it is very necessary to have trainings and information access to implement the change. (Haitt,2006) Ability shows the actual implementation of the change at the required pace. It also represents the conversion for knowledge into action. How well the changes have been executed depends on the ability of the group or an individual. (Haitt,2006) Reinforcement represents the sustainability of the change. Sustainability depends on both the intrinsic and extrinsic factors. External factors include recognition, rewards and celebrations that are tied to the realisation of the change. The internal factor is the sense of achievement among the individuals regarding the change.(Haitt,2006) The ADKAR model is in very much sequential manner. It clearly represents how an individual experiences change. Desire cannot come before awareness because desires are only triggered when we are aware, similarly knowledge cannot come before desire as we do not seek for the knowledge before we have desire for it and similarly ability and reinforcement. (Haitt,2006) Having discussed the models of change management it is very important to know that these models were not created just for the sake of creating. Their implications have been highly beneficial in the real context. It is very important to realise that the importance of the change in the corporate society. Technological innovations and globalisation has made this world a much smaller place. Changing according to the changing world is necessary otherwise you just lag behind and can become very hard to get along all over again. To survive and prosper organisations must adopt strategies that realistically reflect their ability to manage multiple future scenarios. ( Paton, McCalman,2000) Business and managers are now faced with ever more complex and high dynamic operating environments than before. If we take a real life example then we can see that the car companies nowadays not only manufacture cars these days but they do much more than just do the manufacturing. They are involved in how to distribute them more widely and how to get more market share and manufacturing more diverse range of cars. Another real life example is the example of BRITISH AIRWAYS. Back in 1981 BRITISH AIRWAYS appointed a new chairperson. When he was appointed the company was very inefficient and wasnt properly utilising the resources. He then made a lot of changes in the company and restructured the whole company. For this he first analysed and realised that the company needed a lot of changes to gain more profit margins and he did so through change management methodology. Then he analysed the areas for the change. The company then systematically reduced the staffs. However, before doing this, through his change management leadership, he let the company know about the need for change to prepare them for the upcoming changes and the benefits behind it. He was able to let the company know about the changes about to happen which shows a good communication and was able to direct the company to prosperity and success. Change as we already said is inevitable and no one can escape the change. The fear of adjusting into new changes and risks that brings along with it is the reason that restrains the change. Having said that change is one of the most important parts of the growth. There can never be development and growth without change. Thats why different writers and management thinkers have published different theories and model to analyse the mechanism of change so as to better understand the change. These theories work as a testimony to the fact that the change is a real phenomenon and can be analyzed through different steps and methods. As I have discussed three models of change management in this essay, each model follows the same basic fundamental framework of the mechanism of change. However, each model has a different way of looking at the things. Lewins model is rather simple which sees change into 3 stages resembling it to the stages before the change, during the change and after the change. Lewins model is more of a generalised model. So, Lewins model of change exhibits the forces that either increase or restrain the changes. To sum up, when the combined strength of one force is greater than the combined strength of the restraining forces, then the change is more likely to happen. (Stephen, 2003) It also says what the factors are that we have to consider during the process of change. Kotters eight model theory sees the change phenomenon into eight different stages. Kotter has defined the change process into many different stages which gives us a more clear idea of how change happens and how a company succeed through change. Kotters model describes how market analysis creates the need of changes and how the changes have to be well communicated to the member of staffs to motivate them for the change. The next theory ADKAR sees change more from individualistic point rather than the change itself. ADKAR says that the staffs have to be aware about the need of change which creates desire for the change. Knowledge increases the ability to cope with the changes and reinforcement stabilises the changes. ADKAR basically cover all the major aspects of change. These three models of changes have a very good implication in the real world. Lewins model being rather simple might not be appropriate for the current change in the business world however the fundamental aspect of change is there. Kotters eight model and ADKAR are quite similar. Kotters model focus more on the change itself however ADKAR focuses on the individual level. I feel that Kotters model covers almost all the aspects of the change. It not only tells about the need of change but also how the changes have to be implemented. It talks about the communication and encouraging each other to work as a team. Apart from this it also says about empowering staffs which is very important and also the motivating factors like short term win makes this model much more applicable for all kinds of institutions and more reliable. With the end of my literature review I would like to research further on the topic: Importance of change for a prosperous future.

Volcanic Activity at Yellowstone :: essays research papers

Yellowstone is a national park covering 3,468 square miles in Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana and it is elevated 8,000 feet from the ground on a plateau. But is there still present volcanic hazard in Yellowstone? The park is covered with over 10,000 geysers, hot springs, mud pots, and travertine terraces, perhaps caused by a ?hot spot? that it overlies. A violent history suggests equally as devastating future volcanic activity, underground forces are causing the landscape to change and geysers to become more active. The real question is, if a super volcanic explosion took place, would human life exist as we know it ever again? The history of volcanic activity at Yellowstone starts with its first eruption at Huckleberry Ridge 2.1 million years ago, the leftovers reached as far as Iowa and central Texas. Then 800,000 years later, another eruption took place in Mesa Falls creating Henry Fork Caldera near Park, Montana. The last eruption took place 630,000 years ago, called the Lava Creek eruption, spewing 240 cubic miles of debris, and spreading as far as Louisiana and California. Hidden underneath the park, powerful volcanic, magnetic, and hydrothermal forces are reforming the land. Several earthquakes, uplifting, and subsidence of the landscape proves that these powers exist. Recent studies have caused scientists to think that Yellowstone could be growing larger as flowing molten rock builds up below the ground. In a period of 10 years, the volcano has risen 5 inches, not a significantly detectable difference, but it may have split the ground in the Norris Geyser Bassin that could reawaken some of the geysers, like the Steamboat. In spite of this newly found information, scientists do not speculate the volcano erupting any time soon, but with time, it will end with a super natural disaster, destroying everything in its path When Yellowstone does erupt, the United states could be covered in 3 feet of ash from the eruption. First, the pyroclastic flow would swallow most of Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana. Then, like Yellowstone eruptions have done before, the world would fall into a freezing, winter lasting around 10 years. Mass famine would take place all around the world as the eruption would have devastated the agriculture, effecting the food.

A Critique of Compulsory Schooling :: Education

â€Å"The knowledge of the world is to only to be acquired in the world, and not in a closet.† Thus said Lord Chesterfield, who understood the fact that locking children away is not the best way to teach them. It is a painful reality that students are not being educated, but rather simply being schooled, and most people who understand street slang know that â€Å"to be schooled† is to be beaten down. This terminology is not a coincidence. Compulsory schooling is eliminating society of its most vibrant sources of variety, and teaching children that no work is worth finishing, and that they must depend on someone else’s word in order to survive. John Taylor Gatto, NY State Teacher of the Year in 1991, describes how society is slowly becoming sterile due to a lack of variety – when children are locked away in their classroom prison cells, and senior citizens are locked away in retirement homes, there is no one from which to find an alternating viewpoint. Schools tear children away from their families when they could be using the time to learn something from their parents, or their grandparents. There is a reason why mythological wise characters are always aged, and children are tragically missing prime opportunities to spend time with these experienced individuals. God forbid they should actually learn something that might be applicable to them later in life, as opposed to the standardized material that will be forgotten as soon as the next test is turned in. Schools tear at the very source of variety – the family. If all children are herded up into a single institution, they are less likely to think critically enough to recognize oppression or hypocrisy from the higher-ups (the ones making money). For example, drivers constantly relay stories about how traffic cops have tried to take advantage of them by making up laws and assuming that the offender is not critical enough to question his authority. Tickets are given and fines are paid over false premises, and no one wonders why. People like traffic cops feed off of the ignorance that is pumped out of these schools – indeed, it is often their best source of monetary gain. The victims in these situations always feel absolutely betrayed. However, schools often play out similar scenes, and yet it is rare to find a student who understands this betrayal. They are placed under the supervision of strange adults – many of whom simply go through the motions in order to earn their paychecks – and are expected to place unbending faith in the words that these adults utter.

Divorce Laws in The United States Essay -- Law

â€Å"Divorce is a decree by a court that a valid marriage no longer exists. It leaves both parties free to remarry. The court will award custody, divide property, and order spousal and child support† (The American Bar Association 71). â€Å"†¦till death do us part† is almost always heard at wedding ceremonies. But all too often this phrase does not represent its true meaning. Between 1960 and 1999 the divorce rate in the United States tripled (Porterfield vii). Out of all first time marriages, 41% end in divorce (Divorce Rate). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, for every 1,000 people, 6.8 get married and 3.4 of those marriages will end in divorce (Marriage and Divorce). The Family Legal Guide from The American Bar Association confirms that of the couples who marry before the age of forty-five, one-half of them will get divorced (71). These numbers do not seem to be decreasing. They only seem to be increasing as time goes on. If two people can no longer find it in themselves to be passionate towards one another and they no longer desire the others company, they should end their marriage. However, the growing number of divorces is proving that getting a divorce in the United St ates is too easy. The evidence proves that divorce laws should be made stricter throughout the United States. Every divorce is different. Some divorces involve children. Some only involve the couple. Some have step children or half children. Some include hostile situations. Some are peaceful. Some are for valid reasons. Some are simply because the couple does not feel like being together anymore. Some are mutual. Some are not. So why is every divorce so quickly done and so easily obtained? A number of states allow do-it-yourself divorces.... ...2. â€Å"Marriage and Divorce.† Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 5 Oct. 2010. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. Porterfield, Kay Marie. Straight Talk about Divorce. New York: Facts on File, 1999. Print. Portnoy, Ph.D. Sanford. â€Å"A Lawyer’s Primer Part 1- The Effects of Divorce on Adults.† Ed. Ron Brown. The Psychology of Divorce. 1(2006): 1-7. Print. Russo, Francine. â€Å"Can The Government Prevent Divorce?† The Atlantic. Oct. 1997. Web. 1 Apr. 2012. Shapiro v. Thompson. 2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publication Data. U.S. Supreme Court. 21 Apr. 1969. Print. Tavernise, Sabrina, and Robert Gebeloff. â€Å"Once Rare in Rural American, Divorce is Changaing the Face of Its Families.† www.Nytimes.com. The New York Times. 23 Mar. 2011. Web. 27 Feb. 2012. The American Bar Association. Family Legal Guide. 3rd ed. New York: Random House, 2004. 71-88. Print.